%0 Journal Article %J Healthcare %D 2021 %T Accounting for quality improvement during the conduct of embedded pragmatic clinical trials within healthcare systems: NIH collaboratory case studies %A Tuzzio, Leah %A Meyers, Catherine M. %A Dember, Laura M. %A Grudzen, Corita R. %A Melnick, Edward R. %A Staman, Karen L. %A Huang, Susan S. %A Richards, Julie %A DeBar, Lynn %A Vazquez, Miguel A. %A Green, Beverly B. %A Coronado, Gloria D. %A Jarvik, Jeffrey G. %A Braciszewski, Jordan %A Ho, P. Michael %A Wells, Barbara L. %A James, Kathryn %A Toto, Robert %A D'Onofrio, Gail %A Volandes, Angelo %A Kuklinski, Margaret R. %A Catalano, Richard F %A Sterling, Stacy A. %A Morse, Erica F. %A Curtis, Lesley %A Larson, Eric B. %B Healthcare %V 8(Suppl 1) %P 100432 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Sex Transm Dis %D 2016 %T HIV/Sexually Transmitted Infection Prevention Messaging: Targeting Root Causes of Sexual Risk Behavior. %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %X

INTRODUCTION: Sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) often lead to sexually transmitted infections (STI), yet little is known about what drives SRB and whether this differs by sex.

METHOD: Participants (n = 920; 75% white) were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, enrolled in 1993 and 1994 in grades 1 to 2, and followed up through age 24/25 years. Lifetime STI diagnosis was defined by self-report or seropositivity for Chlamydia trachomatis or herpes simplex virus 2. Multivariable models assessed individual (social skills, behavioral disinhibition) and environmental factors (family involvement, school bonding, antisocial friends) predictive of STI diagnosis as mediated by 3 proximal SRB (sex under the influence of drugs or alcohol, condom use, lifetime number of sex partners).

RESULTS: Twenty-five percent of participants had ever had an STI. All SRBs differed by sex (P < 0.001), and female participants were more likely to have had an STI (P < 0.001). Behavioral disinhibition and antisocial friends in adolescence were associated with more SRB for both sexes, whereas social skills were associated with less SRB in female but more in male participants. Considering SRB and individual and environmental factors together, lifetime number of sex partners (adjusted relative risk [ARR], 1.04per partner; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03-1.05) and inconsistent condom use (ARR, 1.10per year; 95% CI, 1.04-1.16) were associated with increased risk of STI, whereas social skills were associated with decreased risk of STI (ARR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.93). Behavioral disinhibition seemed to drive SRB, but family involvement mitigated this in several cases.

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent environmental influences and individual characteristics drive some SRB and may be more effective targets for STI/HIV prevention interventions than proximal risk behaviors.

%B Sex Transm Dis %V 43 %P 71-7 %8 2016 Feb %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26760178?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000402 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2016 %T Time-varying effects of families and peers on adolescent marijuana use: Person-environment interactions across development. %A Epstein, Marina %A Hill, Karl G %A Roe, Stephanie S %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Iacono, William G %A McGue, Matt %A Kristman-Valente, Allison %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

Studies have demonstrated that the effects of two well-known predictors of adolescent substance use, family monitoring and antisocial peers, are not static but change over the course of adolescence. Moreover, these effects may differ for different groups of youth. The current study uses time-varying effect modeling to examine the changes in the association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use from ages 11 to 19, and to compare these associations by gender and levels of behavioral disinhibition. Data are drawn from the Raising Healthy Children study, a longitudinal panel of 1,040 youth. The strength of association between family monitoring and antisocial peers and marijuana use was mostly steady over adolescence, and was greater for girls than for boys. Differences in the strength of the association were also evident by levels of behavioral disinhibition: youth with lower levels of disinhibition were more susceptible to the influence of parents and peers. Stronger influence of family monitoring on girls and less disinhibited youth was most evident in middle adolescence, whereas the stronger effect of antisocial peers was significant during middle and late adolescence. Implications for the timing and targeting of marijuana preventive interventions are discussed.

%B Dev Psychopathol %P 1-14 %8 2016 Jul 15 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417425?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1017/S0954579416000559 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2016 %T Using Communities That Care for community child maltreatment prevention. %A Salazar, Amy M %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A de Haan, Benjamin %A Catalano, Richard F %A Vann, Terri %A Vinson, Jean %A Lansing, Michaele %X

The prevention of mental, emotional, and behavioral (MEB) disorders among children and adolescents is a national priority. One mode of implementing community-wide MEB prevention efforts is through evidence-based community mobilization approaches such as Communities That Care (CTC). This article provides an overview of the CTC framework and discusses the adaptation process of CTC to prevent development of MEBs through preventing child abuse and neglect and bolstering child well-being in children aged 0 to 10. Adaptations include those to the intervention itself as well as those to the evaluation approach. Preliminary findings from the Keeping Families Together pilot study of this evolving approach suggest that the implementation was manageable for sites, and community board functioning and community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention in pilot sites looks promising. Implications and next steps are outlined. (PsycINFO Database Record

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 86 %P 144-55 %8 2016 Mar %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26963184?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1037/ort0000078 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2015 %T Long-term effects of staying connected with your teen® on drug use frequency at age 20. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

Drug prevention interventions frequently target early adolescents in order to stop or delay initiation of substance use. However, the prevalence and frequency of drug use escalate and then peak during emerging adulthood, making it important to determine whether drug use prevention efforts in adolescence have lasting effects into adulthood. Additionally, given differences in drug use frequency between ethnic groups, intervention effects by race should be examined when possible. This study evaluates the efficacy of a family-focused prevention program, Staying Connected with Your Teen®, delivered to parents and teens in the 8th grade, on family stressors during 9th and 10th grades, 10th-grade drug use (as potential mediators), and drug use frequency at age 20. Families (N = 331; Black = 163, White = 168) were randomly assigned to three conditions: parent-adolescent group-administered (PA), self-administered with telephone support (SA), and no-treatment control (Haggerty et al. Prevention Science, 8: 249-260, 2007). The impact of the intervention was assessed using latent variable structural equation models. Age 20 drug use frequency was significantly higher among Whites than Blacks as expected. The PA intervention had direct effects on reducing drug use frequency for both Blacks and Whites. The SA intervention had an impact on family stressors during adolescence for Whites, but not for Blacks. Results suggest that both formats for delivery were modestly efficacious for Whites, but only direct delivery was modestly efficacious for Blacks. Given the substantial savings in cost of the self-administered program over the group-administered format, improving the efficacy of self-administered programming for Blacks is recommended.

%B Prev Sci %V 16 %P 538-49 %8 2015 May %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428694?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s11121-014-0525-8 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2014 %T Adolescent predictors and environmental correlates of young adult alcohol use problems. %A Toumbourou, John W %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Smith, Rachel %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Social Environment %K Street Drugs %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Workplace %K Young Adult %X

AIMS: To examine the rates of young adult alcohol and drug use and alcohol problems, adolescent predictors of young adult alcohol problems and correlations with young adult social, work and recreational environments.

DESIGN: Adolescents were followed longitudinally into young adulthood. Predictors were measured in grade 9 (average age 15), and environmental correlates and outcomes in young adulthood (average age 21).

SETTING: Students recruited in Victoria, Australia in 2002, were resurveyed in 2010/11.

PARTICIPANTS: Analytical n=2309, 80% retention.

MEASUREMENTS: Adolescent self-report predictors included past-month alcohol use. Young adults completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) together with reports of environmental influences.

FINDINGS: Comparisons to United States national school graduate samples revealed higher rates of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use (other than cannabis) in Victoria. For example, rates of past month use at age 21-22 were: alcohol 69.3% US versus 84.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 81.3-88.6% Victoria; illicit drugs (other than cannabis) 8.8 versus 12.7%, CI 9.7-15.7%. AUDIT alcohol problems (scored 8+) were identified for 41.2%, CI 38.8-43.6% of young adults in Victoria. The likelihood of young adult alcohol problems was higher for frequent adolescent alcohol users and those exposed to environments characterized by high alcohol use and problems in young adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS: High rates of alcohol problems are evident in more than two in five Australian young adults, and these problems appear to be influenced both by earlier patterns of adolescent alcohol use and by young adult social, work and recreational environments.

%B Addiction %V 109 %P 417-24 %8 2014 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1111/add.12401 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2014 %T Exploring heavy drinking patterns among black and white young adults. %A Klima, Tali %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Crutchfield, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Young Adult %X

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation examined patterns of heavy drinking among Black and White young adults from a person-centered perspective and linked family and individual factors in adolescence to young adult drinking patterns.

METHOD: The analysis focuses on 331 10th-grade students (168 Whites, 163 Blacks; 51% males) who were followed into young adulthood (ages 20 and 22). Cluster analyses using heavy episodic drinking, drunkenness, and alcohol problems in young adulthood resulted in groups of drinkers with different patterns. Groups were examined across and within race. Associations between young adult drinking groups and adolescent family and individual factors were tested.

RESULTS: Groups followed well-established race differences, with Whites clustering into frequent drinking groups more than Blacks, and Blacks clustering into non-heavy drinking groups more than Whites. Further, Black heavy drinkers reported fewer alcohol problems than White counterparts. Parental monitoring, consistent discipline, ethnic identity, and delinquency were associated with adult heavy episodic drinking groups for both races. Monitoring and delinquency, along with parental norms, were associated with drunkenness groups for both races. However, race differences were observed for drunkenness clusters such that attachment was predictive for White clusters, and parental guidelines and discipline were predictive for Black clusters.

CONCLUSIONS: Large race differences in heavy drinking at young adulthood were confirmed. Family dynamics in 10th grade were identified as important for the development of different drinking patterns in the early 20s, when many individuals have left home, which suggests a key target for substance use prevention programs. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 839-849, 2014).

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 75 %P 839-49 %8 2014 Sep %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25208202?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T The onset of STI diagnosis through age 30: results from the Seattle Social Development Project Intervention. %A Hill, Karl G %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %A Kosterman, Rick %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Parent-Child Relations %K Risk-Taking %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Social Adjustment %K Unsafe Sex %K Urban Population %K Washington %X

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) whether the onset of sexually transmitted infections (STI) through age 30 differed for youths who received a social developmental intervention during elementary grades compared to those in the control condition; (2) potential social-developmental mediators of this intervention; and (3) the extent to which these results differed by ethnicity. A nonrandomized controlled trial followed participants to age 30, 18 years after the intervention ended. Three intervention conditions were compared: a full-intervention group, assigned to intervention in grades 1 through 6; a late intervention group, assigned to intervention in grades 5 and 6 only; and a no-treatment control group. Eighteen public elementary schools serving diverse neighborhoods including high-crime neighborhoods of Seattle are the setting of the study. Six hundred eight participants in three intervention conditions were interviewed from age 10 through 30. Interventions include teacher training in classroom instruction and management, child social and emotional skill development, and parent workshops. Outcome is the cumulative onset of participant report of STI diagnosis. Adolescent family environment, bonding to school, antisocial peer affiliation, early sex initiation, alcohol use, cigarette use, and marijuana use were tested as potential intervention mechanisms. Complementary log-log survival analysis found significantly lower odds of STI onset for the full-intervention compared to the control condition. The lowering of STI onset risk was significantly greater for African Americans and Asian Americans compared to European Americans. Family environment, school bonding, and delayed initiation of sexual behavior mediated the relationship between treatment and STI hazard. A universal intervention for urban elementary school children, focused on classroom management and instruction, children's social competence, and parenting practices may reduce the onset of STI through age 30, especially for African Americans.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 Suppl 1 %P S19-32 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0382-x %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Prevalence and community variation in harmful levels of family conflict witnessed by children: implications for prevention. %A Habib, Cherine %A Toumbourou, John W %A McRitchie, Martin %A Williams, Joanne %A Kremer, Peter %A McKenzie, Dean %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Australia %K Child %K Depression %K Family Conflict %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Children's reports of high family conflict consistently predict poor outcomes. The study identified criteria for high family conflict based on prospective prediction of increased risk for childhood depression. These criteria were subsequently used to establish the prevalence of high family conflict in Australian communities and to identify community correlates suitable for targeting prevention programs. Study 1 utilised a longitudinal design. Grade 6 and 8 students completed a family conflict scale (from the widely used Communities That Care survey) in 2003 and depression symptomotology were evaluated at a 1-year follow-up (International Youth Development Study, N = 1,798). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis yielded a cut-off point on a family conflict score with depression symptomatology as a criterion variable. A cut-off score of 2.5 or more (on a scale of 1 to 4) correctly identified 69 % with depression symptomology, with a specificity of 77.2 % and sensitivity at 44.3 %. Study 2 used data from an Australian national survey of Grade 6 and 8 children (Healthy Neighbourhoods Study, N = 8,256). Prevalence estimates were calculated, and multivariate logistic regression with multi-level modelling was used to establish factors associated with community variation in family conflict levels. Thirty-three percent of Australian children in 2006 were exposed to levels of family conflict that are likely to increase their future risk for depression. Significant community correlates for elevated family conflict included Indigenous Australian identification, socioeconomic disadvantage, urban and state location, maternal absence and paternal unemployment. The analysis provides indicators for targeting family-level mental health promotion programs.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 757-66 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0416-4 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Prevention system mediation of Communities That Care effects on youth outcomes %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Shapiro, Valerie B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Arthur, Michael W %A Briney, John S %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Negotiating %K Residence Characteristics %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

This study examined whether the significant intervention effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on youth problem behaviors observed in a panel of eighth-grade students (Hawkins et al. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163:789-798 2009) were mediated by community-level prevention system constructs posited in the CTC theory of change. Potential prevention system constructs included the community's degree of (a) adoption of a science-based approach to prevention, (b) collaboration on prevention activities, (c) support for prevention, and (d) norms against adolescent drug use as reported by key community leaders in 24 communities. Higher levels of community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and support for prevention in 2004 predicted significantly lower levels of youth problem behaviors in 2007, and higher levels of community norms against adolescent drug use predicted lower levels of youth drug use in 2007. Effects of the CTC intervention on youth problem behaviors by the end of eighth grade were mediated fully by community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention. No other significant mediated effects were found. Results support CTC's theory of change that encourages communities to adopt a science-based approach to prevention as a primary mechanism for improving youth outcomes.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 623-32 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0413-7 %0 Journal Article %J J Early Adolesc %D 2014 %T Reassessing the effects of early adolescent alcohol use on later antisocial behavior: A longitudinal study of students in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Heerde, Jessica A %A Scholes-Balog, Kirsty E %A Smith, Rachel %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %X

The effect of early adolescent alcohol use on antisocial behavior was examined at one- and two-year follow-up in Washington, United States and Victoria, Australia. Each state used the same methods to survey statewide representative samples of students (N = 1,858, 52% female) in 2002 (Grade 7 [G7]), 2003 (Grade 8 [G8]), and 2004 (Grade 9 [G9]). Rates of lifetime, current, frequent, and heavy episodic alcohol use were higher in Victoria than Washington State, whereas rates of five antisocial behaviors were generally comparable across states. After controlling for established risk factors, few associations between alcohol use and antisocial behavior remained, except that G7 current use predicted G8 police arrests and stealing and G9 carrying a weapon and stealing; G7 heavy episodic use predicted G8 and G9 police arrests; and G7 lifetime use predicted G9 carrying a weapon. Hence, risk factors other than alcohol were stronger predictors of antisocial behaviors.

%B J Early Adolesc %V 34 %P 360-386 %8 2014 Apr 1 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/0272431613491830 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Sex risk behavior among adolescent and young adult children of opiate addicts: outcomes from the focus on families prevention trial and an examination of childhood and concurrent predictors of sex risk behavior. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Unsafe Sex %X

This study reports on rates and predictors of sex risk behavior among a sample of adolescent and young adult children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. Data are from 151 participants (80 males, 71 females) in the Focus on Families (FOF) project, a randomized trial of a family intervention and a study of the development of at-risk children. The study participants are children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment between 1990 and 1993. Participants were interviewed in 2005 when they ranged in age from 15 to 29 years. In the year prior to the follow-up, 79% of the males and 83% of females were sexually active, 26% of males and 10% of females had more than one partner in the prior year, and 34% of males and 24% of females reported having sex outside of a committed relationship. Twenty-four percent of males and 17% of females met criteria for high-risk sexual behavior, reporting casual or multiple partners in the prior year and inconsistent condom use. Participants in the intervention and control conditions did not differ significantly in terms of any measure of sex risk behavior examined. None of the measures of parent behavior and family processes derived from data at baseline of the FOF study predicted whether participants engaged in high-risk sex. Among measures derived from data collected at long-term follow-up, however, having ever met criteria for substance abuse or dependence predicted greater likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior, and being married or being in a romantic relationship was associated with lower likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior. The findings point to the important role of committed relationships in regulating sex risk behavior among this population, as well as heightened levels of sex risk behavior associated with substance abuse or dependence.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 Suppl 1 %P S70-7 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0327-9 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2014 %T Understanding the link between early sexual initiation and later sexually transmitted infection: test and replication in two longitudinal studies. %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Theoretical %K Puberty %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Abstinence %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %X

PURPOSE: Age at sexual initiation is strongly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI); yet, prevention programs aiming to delay sexual initiation have shown mixed results in reducing STI. This study tested three explanatory mechanisms for the relationship between early sexual debut and STI: number of sexual partners, individual characteristics, and environmental antecedents.

METHODS: A test-and-replicate strategy was employed using two longitudinal studies: the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and Raising Healthy Children (RHC). Childhood measures included pubertal age, behavioral disinhibition, and family, school, and peer influences. Alcohol use and age of sexual debut were measured during adolescence. Lifetime number of sexual partners and having sex under the influence were measured during young adulthood. Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis was self-reported at age 24. Early sex was defined as debut at <15 years. Path models were developed in SSDP evaluating relationships between measures, and were then tested in RHC.

RESULTS: The relationship between early sex and STI was fully mediated by lifetime sex partners in SSDP, but only partially in RHC, after accounting for co-occurring factors. Behavioral disinhibition predicted early sex, early alcohol use, number of sexual partners, and sex under the influence, but had no direct effect on STI. Family management protected against early sex and early alcohol use, whereas antisocial peers exacerbated the risk.

CONCLUSIONS: Early sexual initiation, a key mediator of STI, is driven by antecedents that influence multiple risk behaviors. Targeting co-occurring individual and environmental factors may be more effective than discouraging early sexual debut and may concomitantly improve other risk behaviors.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 54 %P 435-441.e2 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.016 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Variation in the sustained effects of the Communities That Care prevention system on adolescent smoking, delinquency, and violence. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K United States %K Violence %X

Communities That Care (CTC) is a universal, science-based community prevention system designed to reduce risk, enhance protection, and prevent adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. CTC has been found to have sustained effects on cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors in grade 10 in a panel of 4,407 students followed from fifth grade in a community randomized trial. It is important to test variation in the effects of this prevention system designed to be universal to understand for whom it is most effective and whether it fails to produce change or leads to iatrogenic effects for certain categories of individuals. The present study examined variation in the sustained effects of CTC on tenth-grade cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors. Interaction analyses suggest that the effect of CTC did not differ between those who had high levels of community-targeted risk factors at baseline or had already engaged in substance use, delinquency, or violence at baseline versus those who had not. Although CTC reduced the prevalence of both girls' and boys' problem behaviors, the effect on delinquency was marginally (p = 0.08) larger for boys than for girls.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 138-45 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0365-y %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatr %D 2014 %T Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the Communities That Care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

IMPORTANCE: Community-based efforts to prevent adolescent problem behaviors are essential to promote public health and achieve collective impact community wide. OBJECTIVE To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community wide 8 years after implementation of CTC.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A community-randomized trial was performed in 24 small towns in 7 states, matched within state, assigned randomly to a control or intervention group in 2003. All fifth-grade students attending public schools in study communities in 2003-2004 who received consent from their parents to participate (76.4% of the eligible population) were included. A panel of 4407 fifth graders was surveyed through 12th grade, with 92.5% of the sample participating at the last follow-up.

INTERVENTIONS: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors in the community, and implemented tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years as well as their families and schools to address their community's elevated risks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Levels of targeted risk; sustained abstinence, and cumulative incidence by grade 12; and current prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, delinquency, and violence in 12th grade.

RESULTS: By spring of 12th grade, students in CTC communities were more likely than students in control communities to have abstained from any drug use (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63), drinking alcohol (ARR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.09-1.58), smoking cigarettes (ARR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27), and engaging in delinquency (ARR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.36). They were also less likely to ever have committed a violent act (ARR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). There were no significant differences by intervention group in targeted risks, the prevalence of past-month or past-year substance use, or past-year delinquency or violence.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Using the CTC system continued to prevent the initiation of adolescent problem behaviors through 12th grade, 8 years after implementation of CTC and 3 years after study-provided resources ended, but did not produce reductions in current levels of risk or current prevalence of problem behavior in 12th grade. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B JAMA Pediatr %V 168 %P 122-9 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2013 %T Addressing core challenges for the next generation of type 2 translation research and systems: the translation science to population impact (TSci Impact) framework. %A Spoth, Richard %A Rohrbach, Louise A %A Greenberg, Mark %A Leaf, Philip %A Brown, C H %A Fagan, Abigail %A Catalano, Richard F %A Pentz, M A %A Sloboda, Zili %A Hawkins, J D %K Evidence-Based Practice %K Translational Medical Research %X

Evidence-based preventive interventions developed over the past two decades represent great potential for enhancing public health and well-being. Research confirming the limited extent to which these interventions have been broadly and effectively implemented, however, indicates much progress is needed to achieve population-level impact. In part, progress requires Type 2 translation research that investigates the complex processes and systems through which evidence-based interventions are adopted, implemented, and sustained on a large scale, with a strong orientation toward devising empirically-driven strategies for increasing their population impact. In this article, we address two core challenges to the advancement of T2 translation research: (1) building infrastructure and capacity to support systems-oriented scaling up of evidence-based interventions, with well-integrated practice-oriented T2 research, and (2) developing an agenda and improving research methods for advancing T2 translation science. We also summarize a heuristic "Translation Science to Population Impact (TSci Impact) Framework." It articulates key considerations in addressing the core challenges, with three components that represent: (1) four phases of translation functions to be investigated (pre-adoption, adoption, implementation, and sustainability); (2) the multiple contexts in which translation occurs, ranging from community to national levels; and (3) necessary practice and research infrastructure supports. Discussion of the framework addresses the critical roles of practitioner-scientist partnerships and networks, governmental agencies and policies at all levels, plus financing partnerships and structures, all required for both infrastructure development and advances in the science. The article concludes with two sets of recommended action steps that could provide impetus for advancing the next generation of T2 translation science and, in turn, potentially enhance the health and well-being of subsequent generations of youth and families.

%B Prev Sci %V 14 %P 319-51 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0362-6 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychol %D 2013 %T The association between parent early adult drug use disorder and later observed parenting practices and child behavior problems: Testing alternate models. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %A McMahon, Robert J %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Child Rearing %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Personality %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This study tested the association between parent illicit drug use disorder (DUD) in early adulthood and observed parenting practices at ages 27-28 and examined the following 3 theoretically derived models explaining this link: (a) a disrupted parent adult functioning model,(b) a preexisting parent personality factor model, and (c) a disrupted adolescent family process model. Associations between study variables and child externalizing problems also were examined. Longitudinal data linking 2 generations were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and The SSDP Intergenerational Project (TIP), and included 167 parents and their 2- to 8-year-old child. Path modeling revealed that parent DUD in early adulthood predicted later observed low-skilled parenting, which was related to child externalizing problems. The preexisting parent personality factor model was supported. Parent negative emotionality accounted for the association between parent early adult DUD and later parenting practices. Parent negative emotionality also was related directly to child externalizing behavior. Limited support for the disrupted transition to adulthood model was found. The disrupted adolescent family process model was not supported. Results suggest that problem drug use that occurs early in adulthood may affect later parenting skills, independent of subsequent parent drug use. Findings highlight the importance of parent negative emotionality in influencing his or her own problem behavior, interactions with his or her child, and his or her child's problem behavior. Prevention and treatment programs targeting young adult substance use, poor parenting practices, and child behavior problems should address parent personality factors that may contribute to these behaviors.

%B Dev Psychol %V 49 %P 887-99 %8 2013 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0029235 %0 Journal Article %J Aust J Psychol %D 2013 %T Does school suspension affect subsequent youth nonviolent antisocial behavior? A longitudinal study of students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Smith, Rachel %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %X

School suspension has been not only associated with negative behaviours but is predictive of future poor outcomes. The current study investigates a) whether school suspension is a unique predictor of youth nonviolent antisocial behaviour (NVAB) relative to other established predictors, and b) whether the predictors of NVAB are similar in Australia and the United States (U.S.). The data analysed here draws on two state-wide representative samples of Grade 7 and 9 students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, U.S., resurveyed at 12-month follow-up (N = 3,677, 99% retention). School suspension did not uniquely predict NVAB in the final model. The predictors of NVAB, similar across states, included previous student NVAB; current alcohol and tobacco use; poor family management; association with antisocial friends; and low commitment to school. An implication of the findings is that U.S. evidence-based prevention programs targeting the influences investigated here could be trialled in Australia.

%B Aust J Psychol %V 65 %P 236-249 %8 2013 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/ajpy.12026 %0 Journal Article %J Health Educ Res %D 2013 %T The impact of school alcohol policy on student drinking. %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Plenty, Stephanie M %A Catalano, Richard F %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Binge Drinking %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Guideline Adherence %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Organizational Policy %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Schools %K Self Report %K Social Class %K Students %K Victoria %K Washington %X

Although it is common for secondary schools to implement alcohol policies to reduce alcohol misuse, there has been little evaluation of the efficacy of these policies. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of the degree and type of alcohol policy enforcement in state representative samples of secondary students in Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia (n = 1848). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the prospective association between student reports of school alcohol policy in Grade 8 and self-reported alcohol use in Grade 9, controlling for age, gender, state, family socio-economic status and Grade 8 alcohol use. The likelihood of students drinking on school grounds was increased when students perceived lax policy enforcement. Student perceptions of harm minimization alcohol messages, abstinence alcohol messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators predicted reduced likelihood of binge drinking. Students perceiving harm minimization messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators had a reduced likelihood of experiencing alcohol-related harms. Perceptions of harsh penalties were unrelated to drinking behaviour. These results suggest that perceived policy enforcement may lessen drinking at school 1 year later and that harm minimization messages and counselling approaches may also lessen harmful drinking behaviours as harm minimization advocates suggest.

%B Health Educ Res %V 28 %P 651-62 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/her/cyt068 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Vict %D 2013 %T Parent and peer predictors of violent behavior of Black and White teens. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A McGlynn-Wright, Anne %A Catalano, Richard F %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parenting %K Peer Group %K Poverty %K Prospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study examines the role that parenting and deviant peers play on frequency of self-reported violent behavior in the 10th grade while testing race differences in mean levels and impact of these risk and protective factors. The level and impact of family and peer factors on violent behavior across race are modeled prospectively from 8th to 10th grade in a sample of 331 (Black [n = 163], White [n = 168]) families from Seattle, Washington, using data from self-administered computer-assisted questionnaires. Mean-level differences indicated greater levels of violent behavior and risk for Black teens in some cases and higher protection in others. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated no race differences in predictors of teen violence. Income was also predictive of violent behavior, but analyses including both income and race indicated their relationships to violence overlapped so neither was uniquely predictive. Subsequent logistic regressions revealed that both race and income differences in violent behavior were mediated by association with friends who get in serious trouble at school. We conclude that higher rates of self-reported violent behavior by Blacks compared to Whites are attributable to lower family income and higher rates of associating with deviant peers at school.

%B Violence Vict %V 28 %P 145-60 %8 2013 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2013 %T Predicting steep escalations in alcohol use over the teenage years: Age-related variations in key social influences. %A Chan, G C K %A Kelly, Adrian B %A Toumbourou, John W %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Young, R M %A Haynes, Michele A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Attitude %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Nuclear Family %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Self Report %K Social Environment %K Students %K Victoria %X

AIMS: This study examined how family, peer and school factors are related to different trajectories of adolescent alcohol use at key developmental periods.

DESIGN: Latent class growth analysis was used to identify trajectories based on five waves of data (from grade 6, age 12 to grade 11, age 17), with predictors at grades 5, 7 and 9 included as covariates.

SETTING: Adolescents completed surveys during school hours.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 808 students in Victoria, Australia.

MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol use trajectories were based on self-reports of 30-day frequency of alcohol use. Predictors included sibling alcohol use, attachment to parents, parental supervision, parental attitudes favourable to adolescent alcohol use, peer alcohol use and school commitment.

FINDINGS: A total of 8.2% showed steep escalation in alcohol use. Relative to non-users, steep escalators were predicted by age-specific effects for low school commitment at grade 7 (P = 0.031) and parental attitudes at grade 5 (P = 0.003), and age-generalized effects for sibling alcohol use (Ps = 0.001, 0.012, 0.033 at grades 5, 7 and 9, respectively) and peer alcohol use (Ps = 0.041, < 0.001, < 0.001 at grades 5, 7 and 9, respectively). Poor parental supervision was associated with steep escalators at grade 9 (P < 0.001) but not the other grades. Attachment to parents was unrelated to alcohol trajectories.

CONCLUSIONS: Parental disapproval of alcohol use before transition to high school, low school commitment at transition to high school, and sibling and peer alcohol use during adolescence are associated with a higher risk of steep escalations in alcohol use.

%B Addiction %V 108 %P 1924-32 %8 2013 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1111/add.12295 %0 Journal Article %J Field methods %D 2013 %T Use of Web and Phone Survey Modes to Gather Data From Adults About Their Young Adult Children: An Evaluation Based on a Randomized Design. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Marchesini, Gina %A Elgin, Jenna %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Woodward, Danielle %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Mode effects on responses to survey items may introduce bias to data collected using multiple modes of administration. The present study examines data from 704 surveys conducted as part of a longitudinal study in which parents and their children had been surveyed at multiple prior time points. Parents of 22-year-old study participants were randomly assigned to one of two mixed-mode conditions: (a) Web mode first followed by the offer of an interviewer-administered telephone mode; or (b) telephone mode first followed by the offer of the Web mode. Comparison of responses by assigned condition on 12 measures showed one statistically significant difference. Analyses that modeled differences by completed mode and the interaction between assigned condition and completed mode found significant differences on six measures related to completed mode. None of the differences indicated that more socially desirable responses were given in interviewer-administered surveys.

%B Field methods %V 25 %P 388-404 %8 2013 Nov 1 %G ENG %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733977?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/1525822X12466888 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2012 %T Cost-benefit analysis of Communities That Care outcomes at eighth grade. %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Briney, John S %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %X

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, a public health approach to reducing risk, enhancing protection, and reducing the prevalence of adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. The analysis is based on outcomes from a panel of students followed from Grade 5 through Grade 8 in a randomized controlled trial involving 24 communities in 7 states. Previous analyses have shown that CTC prevented the initiation of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and delinquency by the end of 8th grade in CTC communities compared to controls. This paper estimates long-term monetary benefits associated with significant intervention effects on cigarette smoking and delinquency as compared to the cost of conducting the intervention. Under conservative cost assumptions, the net present benefit is $5,250 per youth, including $812 from the prevention of cigarette smoking and $4,438 from the prevention of delinquency. The benefit-cost ratio indicates a return of $5.30 per $1.00 invested. Under less conservative but still viable cost assumptions, the benefit-cost ratio due to prevention of cigarette smoking and delinquency increases to $10.23 per $1.00 invested. Benefits from CTC's reduction in alcohol initiation as well as broader inclusion of quality-of-life gains would further increase CTC's benefit-cost ratio. Results provide evidence that CTC is a cost-beneficial preventive intervention and a good investment of public dollars, even under very conservative cost and benefit assumptions.

%B Prev Sci %V 13 %P 150-61 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-011-0259-9 %0 Journal Article %J J Drug Issues %D 2012 %T Educational Paths and Substance Use from Adolescence into Early Adulthood. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %X

This study examined how substance use trajectories from ages 15 to 23 in a community sample (N=921) were related to educational pathways. Rates of heavy drinking converged across different paths, but starting college at a 2-year college before transferring to a 4-year college was related to later increase in drinking after high school. Higher future educational attainment was negatively associated with high school marijuana use, but marijuana use increased after high school for individuals who went to 4-year colleges compared to those who did not. Noncollege youth had the highest rates of daily cigarette smoking throughout adolescence and early adulthood, while college dropouts had higher rates of smoking than college students who did not drop out. The findings support the need for universal prevention for early adult heavy drinking, addressing increases in drinking and marijuana use in 4-year colleges, and targeting marijuana use and cigarette smoking interventions at noncollege youth and college dropouts.

%B J Drug Issues %V 42 %8 2012 Apr 1 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1177/0022042612446590 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2012 %T The effects of general and alcohol-specific peer factors in adolescence on trajectories of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from 21 to 33 years. %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hill, Karl G %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hartigan, Lacey A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Disease Progression %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Social Behavior %X

BACKGROUND: The present study examines whether general and alcohol-specific peer risk factors from age 10 to 18 are associated with longitudinal patterns of adult alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from age 21 to 33.

METHODS: Using growth mixture modeling, trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from age 21 to 33 were identified. We then examined the relationships between the identified trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms and respondents' own adolescent binge drinking, a general negative peer factor, and an alcohol-specific peer factor (having drinking peers) in adolescence using pseudo-class Wald Chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regressions.

RESULTS: Four different trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms were identified: persistor group (3%), decreaser group (23%), escalator group (3%), and a no-disorder group (71%). Bivariate Wald Chi-square tests indicated that adolescent binge drinking behavior and general and alcohol-specific peer factors differentiated the adult alcohol abuse trajectory groups. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression showed that the general negative peer factors distinguished those who later persisted in alcohol abuse from those who desisted (i.e., persistor group vs. decreaser group) during young adulthood, even after adjusting for respondents' adolescent binge drinking. On the other hand, associating with drinking peers did not distinguish these trajectories.

CONCLUSION: Alcohol-specific peer influences appear to influence alcohol abuse disorder symptoms in the early 20s, while general negative peer exposure in adolescence increases in importance as a risk factor for alcohol abuse disorder symptom persistence in the late 20s and the early 30s.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 121 %P 213-9 %8 2012 Mar 1 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.028 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2012 %T Examining explanatory mechanisms of the effects of early alcohol use on young adult alcohol dependence. %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Hill, Karl G %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hartigan, Lacey A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Development %K Age Factors %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined potential explanatory mechanisms linking childhood alcohol use onset and chronicity of adult alcohol dependence by testing the following three competing hypotheses: (1) a marker hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may be simply a marker for other factors that have been linked to both age at initiation and adult alcohol problems; (2) a compromised development hypothesis, where early alcohol initiation may interfere with adolescent development, which can lead to later alcohol problems; and (3) an increased substance use hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may lead to increased substance use in adolescence and, in turn, chronic alcohol dependence.

METHOD: Data came from a longitudinal community sample of 808 participants recruited at age 10 in 1985. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008 with 92% retention.

RESULTS: Childhood onset of alcohol use (before age 11), when compared with initiation during adolescence, predicted an increased chronicity of adult alcohol dependence, even after accounting for the hypothesized confounds from the marker hypothesis. In addition, adolescent compromised functioning did not mediate this relationship between early alcohol use and chronicity of adult dependence (Hypothesis 2), nor did adolescent substance use (Hypothesis 3). However, compromised functioning and substance use in adolescence predicted increased chronicity of alcohol dependence in young adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS: Prevention efforts as early as the elementary grades should focus on delaying the onset of alcohol use and reducing substance use in adolescence as well as improving school functioning, reducing adolescent problem behaviors, and targeting adolescent peer networks.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 73 %P 379-90 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Health Educ Behav %D 2012 %T The impact of school suspension on student tobacco use: a longitudinal study in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Heerde, Jessica A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Continental Population Groups %K Family %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Sex Factors %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %X

CONTEXT: School suspension may have unintended consequences in contributing to problem behaviors, including dropping out from school, substance use, and antisocial behavior. Tobacco use is an early-onset problem behavior, but prospective studies of the effects of suspension on tobacco use are lacking.

METHOD: Longitudinal school-based survey of students drawn as a two-stage cluster sample, administered in 2002 and 2003, in Washington State, United States, and Victoria, Australia. The study uses statewide representative samples of students in Grades 7 and 9 (N = 3,599).

RESULTS: Rates of tobacco use were higher for Victorian than Washington State students. School suspension remained a predictor of current tobacco use at 12-month follow-up, after controlling for established risk factors including prior tobacco and other drug use for Grade 7 but not Grade 9 students.

CONCLUSIONS: School suspension is associated with early adolescent tobacco use, itself an established predictor of adverse outcomes in young people. Findings suggest the need to explore process mechanisms and alternatives to school suspensions as a response to challenging student behavior in early adolescence.

%B Health Educ Behav %V 39 %P 45-56 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/1090198111406724 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Longitudinal predictors of cyber and traditional bullying perpetration in Australian secondary school students. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Tollit, Michelle %A Smith, Rachel %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Australia %K Bullying %K Child %K Crime Victims %K Educational Status %K Family Relations %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Internet %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Students %X

PURPOSE: Cyberbullying perpetration (using communication technology to engage in bullying) is a recent phenomenon that has generated much concern. There are few prospective longitudinal studies of cyberbullying. The current article examines the individual, peer, family, and school risk factors for both cyber and traditional bullying (the latter is bullying that does not use technology) in adolescents.

METHODS: This article draws on a rich data set from the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States, which began in 2002. In this article, data from almost 700 Victorian students recruited in grade 5 are analyzed to examine grade 7 (aged 12-13 years) predictors of traditional and cyberbullying perpetration in grade 9 (aged 14-15 years).

RESULTS: Fifteen per cent of students engaged in cyberbullying, 21% in traditional bullying, and 7% in both. There are similarities and important differences in the predictors of cyber and traditional bullying. In the fully adjusted model, only prior engagement in relational aggression (a covert form of bullying, such as spreading rumors about another student) predicted cyberbullying perpetration. For traditional bullying, previous relational aggression was also predictive, as was having been a victim and perpetrator of traditional bullying, family conflict, and academic failure.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of evidence-based bullying prevention programs is supported to reduce experiences of all forms of bullying perpetration (cyber, traditional, and relational aggression). In addition, for traditional bullying perpetration, addressing family conflict and student academic support are also important.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 51 %P 59-65 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.019 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2012 %T Multiple identification and risks: examination of peer factors across multiracial and single-race youth. %A Choi, Yoonsun %A He, Michael %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Catalano, Richard F %A Toumbourou, John W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Continental Population Groups %K Dangerous Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Prevalence %K Risk-Taking %K Social Identification %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Violence %X

Multiracial youth are thought to be more vulnerable to peer-related risk factors than are single-race youth. However, there have been surprisingly few well-designed studies on this topic. This study empirically investigated the extent to which multiracial youth are at higher risk for peer influenced problem behavior. Data are from a representative and longitudinal sample of youth from Washington State (N = 1,760, mean age = 14.13, 50.9% girls). Of those in the sample, 225 youth self-identified as multiracial (12.8%), 1,259 as White (71.5%), 152 as Latino (8.6%), and 124 as Asian American (7.1%). Results show that multiracial youth have higher rates of violence and alcohol use than Whites and more marijuana use than Asian Americans. Higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and single-parent family status partly explained the higher rates of problem behaviors among multiracial youth. Peer risk factors of substance-using or antisocial friends were higher for multiracial youth than Whites, even after socioeconomic variables were accounted for, demonstrating a higher rate of peer risks among multiracial youth. The number of substance-using friends was the most consistently significant correlate and predictor of problems and was highest among multiracial youth. However, interaction tests did not provide consistent evidence of a stronger influence of peer risks among multiracial youth. Findings underscore the importance of a differentiated understanding of vulnerability in order to better target prevention and intervention efforts as well as the need for further research that can help identify and explain the unique experiences and vulnerabilities of multiracial youth.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 41 %P 847-62 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1007/s10964-012-9750-2 %0 Journal Article %J J Community Psychol %D 2012 %T Pathways From School Suspension to Adolescent Nonviolent Antisocial Behavior in Students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Plenty, Stephanie M %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %A McMorris, Barbara J %X

School suspension is associated with school drop-out, crime, delinquency, and alcohol and other drug use for the suspended student. Important research questions are how academic and related factors are relevant to the school suspension process and the generality of the process in different sites. State representative samples of Grade 7 students (N = 1,945) in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia were followed from 2002 to 2004. In both states, Grade 7 school suspension was associated with higher rates of nonviolent antisocial behavior and suspension 24 months later, before Grade 8 factors were entered into the model. Relevant factors were Grade 8 low school grades and association with antisocial peers, as well as Grade 8 antisocial behavior in Washington State only. The implications of these findings for the ways in which suspension is used in schools are outlined.

%B J Community Psychol %V 40 %P 301-318 %8 2012 Apr 1 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2012 %T Predictors and responses to the growth in physical violence during adolescence: a comparison of students in Washington State and Victoria, Australia. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Australia %K Child %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Students %K Victoria %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study investigates patterns in violence over 3 time points in early- to mid-adolescence in 2 statewide representative samples of youth, one in Washington State, USA, and the other in Victoria, Australia. Comparable data collection methods in both states were used to cross-nationally compare patterns of violence, risk factors, and responses to violence (school suspensions and arrests) in 2 policy contexts. Risk factors include early use of alcohol, binge drinking, involvement with antisocial peers, family conflict, poor family management, sensation seeking, and bully victimization. These are modeled as correlates of initial violence and predictors of change in violence over a 3-year period, from ages 12-15, for participating youth. Results suggest that patterns and predictors of violence are mostly similar in the 2 states. Initial levels of violence (age 13) and change over time in violence were associated in both states with more youth school suspensions and more police arrests in Grade 9. Some cross-national differences were also shown. For example, correlations of violence with gender and violence with binge drinking were stronger in Victoria, whereas correlations of violence with early use of alcohol and with antisocial peer involvement were stronger in Washington State. Antisocial peer involvement and family conflict were significant predictors of a gradual increase in violence from Grades 7-9 for youth in Victoria only. Implications are discussed with attention to prevention and intervention efforts.

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 82 %P 41-9 %8 2012 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01139.x %0 Journal Article %J Race Justice %D 2012 %T Racial Disparity in Police Contacts. %A Crutchfield, Robert D %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A McGlynn, Anne %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Criminologists agree the race disparity in arrests cannot be fully explained by differences in criminal behavior. We examine social environment factors that may lead to racial differences in police contact in early adolescence, including family, peers, school, and community. Data are from 331 8th-grade students. Blacks were almost twice as likely as Whites to report a police contact. Blacks reported more property crime but not more violent crime than Whites. Police contacts were increased by having a parent who had been arrested, a sibling involved in criminal activity, higher observed reward for negative behavior, having school disciplinary actions, and knowing adults who engaged in substance abuse or criminal behavior. Race differences in police contacts were partially attributable to more school discipline.

%B Race Justice %V 2 %8 2012 Jul 1 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/2153368712448063 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2012 %T Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. %A Stone, Andrea L %A Becker, Linda G %A Huber, Alice M %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Behavior, Addictive %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %K Social Facilitation %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This review examines the evidence for longitudinal predictors of substance use and abuse in emerging adulthood. Nationally representative data from the 2007 National Survey on Drug use and Health suggest that many substance use problems reach their peak prevalence during emerging adulthood (usually defined as the period from age 18 to age 26). This stage of development is characterized by rapid transitions into new social contexts that involve greater freedom and less social control than experienced during adolescence. Concurrent with this newfound independence is an increase in rates of substance use and abuse. Understanding the risk and protective factors associated with emerging adult substance use problems is an important step in developing interventions targeting those problems. While multiple reviews have examined risk and protective factors for substance use during adolescence, and many of these earlier predictors may predict emerging adult substance use, few studies have focused primarily on the emerging adult outcomes examining predictors from both adolescence and emerging adulthood. This review used the databases PubMed and PsycInfo to identify articles pertaining to longitudinal predictors of substance use problems in emerging adulthood, building from the conceptual framework presented in a review on risk and protective factors for adolescent substance abuse by Hawkins and colleagues (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Predictors identified as predictors of substance use in adolescence, sometimes decreased in strength and in one case reversed direction. Unique predictors in emerging adulthood were also identified. Implications for prevention science during adolescence and emerging adulthood are discussed as well as suggestions for future research.

%B Addict Behav %V 37 %P 747-75 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.014 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Romantic relationship characteristics and alcohol use: longitudinal associations with dual method contraception use. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Manhart, Lisa E %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Contraception %K Contraception Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Linear Models %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Time Factors %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: Dual method contraception use, or the use of one type of contraceptive intended to prevent pregnancy combined with another type intended to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infection, may be the most effective method to prevent both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. This study tested the association between relationship length, relationship type (married, cohabiting, dating but not cohabiting), global alcohol use, and situational alcohol use and the probability of dual method contraception use from 20 to 23 years of age.

METHODS: Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted using longitudinal data from 754 sexually active male and female young adults aged 20-23 years. Dependent variables included both any dual method contraception use and consistent dual method contraception use.

RESULTS: Between 15% and 20% of respondents reported consistent dual method contraception use at each time point. Longer relationship length and more committed relationship type were associated with a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Situational alcohol use (drinking before sex), but not global alcohol use, also was related to a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Increasing age was associated with a lower probability of any dual method contraception use, but was not related to consistent dual method use.

CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to promote dual method contraception among young adults should include messages discouraging drinking before sex and supporting dual method use even in the context of committed relationships.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 50 %P 450-5 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.008 %0 Journal Article %J Lancet %D 2012 %T Seizing the opportunities of adolescent health. %A Resnick, Michael D %A Catalano, Richard F %A Sawyer, Susan M %A Viner, Russell %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Medicine %K Goals %K Humans %K United Nations %B Lancet %V 379 %P 1564-7 %8 2012 Apr 28 %G eng %N 9826 %R 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60472-3 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %D 2012 %T Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities That Care prevention system in a randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Arthur, Michael W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Humans %K Incidence %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Multivariate Analysis %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Prevalence %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community-wide 6 years after installation of CTC and 1 year after study-provided resources ended.

DESIGN: A community randomized trial.

SETTING: Twenty-four small towns in 7 states, matched within state, randomly assigned to control or intervention condition in 2003.

PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 4407 fifth-grade students was surveyed annually through 10th grade from 2004 to 2009.

INTERVENTION: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors in the community, and implemented programs to address their community's elevated risks from a menu of tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years, their families, and schools.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Levels of risk and incidence and prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; delinquency; and violent behavior by grade 10.

RESULTS: Mean levels of targeted risks increased less rapidly between grades 5 and 10 in CTC than in control communities and were significantly lower in CTC than control communities in grade 10. The incidence of delinquent behavior, alcohol use, and cigarette use and the prevalence of current cigarette use and past-year delinquent and violent behavior were significantly lower in CTC than in control communities in grade 10.

CONCLUSIONS: Using the CTC system can produce enduring reductions in community-wide levels of risk factors and problem behaviors among adolescents beyond the years of supported implementation, potentially contributing to long-term public health benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %V 166 %P 141-8 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.183 %0 Journal Article %J Lancet %D 2012 %T Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. %A Catalano, Richard F %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Gavin, Loretta E %A Greenberg, Mark T %A Irwin, Charles E %A Ross, David A %A Shek, Daniel T L %K Adolescent Medicine %K Child %K Global Health %K Government Programs %K Health Behavior %K Health Status %K Humans %K Public Health %K Young Adult %X

The burden of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable disease has risen worldwide and is accelerating in low-income and middle-income countries, whereas the burden from infectious diseases has declined. Since this transition, the prevention of non-communicable disease as well as communicable disease causes of adolescent mortality has risen in importance. Problem behaviours that increase the short-term or long-term likelihood of morbidity and mortality, including alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse, mental health problems, unsafe sex, risky and unsafe driving, and violence are largely preventable. In the past 30 years new discoveries have led to prevention science being established as a discipline designed to mitigate these problem behaviours. Longitudinal studies have provided an understanding of risk and protective factors across the life course for many of these problem behaviours. Risks cluster across development to produce early accumulation of risk in childhood and more pervasive risk in adolescence. This understanding has led to the construction of developmentally appropriate prevention policies and programmes that have shown short-term and long-term reductions in these adolescent problem behaviours. We describe the principles of prevention science, provide examples of efficacious preventive interventions, describe challenges and potential solutions to take efficacious prevention policies and programmes to scale, and conclude with recommendations to reduce the burden of adolescent mortality and morbidity worldwide through preventive intervention.

%B Lancet %V 379 %P 1653-64 %8 2012 Apr 28 %G eng %N 9826 %R 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60238-4 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2011 %T Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Coe, Christopher L %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Allostasis %K Circadian Rhythm %K Continental Population Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Saliva %K Sex Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Young Adult %X

The concept of allostasis suggests that greater cumulative stress burden can influence stress-responsive physiology. Dysregulation of allostatic mediators, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is thought to precede many other signs of age-related pathology as the persistent burden of stressors accumulates over the individual's life span. We predicted that even in young adulthood, HPA regulation would differ between Blacks and Whites, reflecting, in part, higher rates of stressor exposure and greater potential for stressors to "get under the skin." We examined whether stressor exposure, including experiences with racism and discrimination, explained race differences in waking cortisol and the diurnal rhythm. We also examined whether HPA functioning was associated with mental health outcomes previously linked to cortisol. Salivary cortisol was assayed in 275 young adults (127 Blacks, 148 Whites, 19 to 22 years old), four times a day across 3 days. Hierarchical linear models revealed flatter slopes for Blacks, reflecting significantly lower waking and higher bedtime cortisol levels compared to Whites. Associations of HPA functioning with stressors were typically more robust for Whites such that more stress exposure created an HPA profile that resembled that of Black young adults. For Blacks, greater stressor exposure did not further impact HPA functioning, or, when significant, was often associated with higher cortisol levels. Across both races, flatter slopes generally indicated greater HPA dysregulation and were associated with poor mental health outcomes. These differential effects were more robust for Whites. These findings support an allostatic model in which social contextual factors influence normal biorhythms, even as early as young adulthood.

%B Dev Psychopathol %V 23 %P 1167-86 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1017/S095457941100054X %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2011 %T Associations between changing developmental contexts and risky sexual behavior in the two years following high school. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A White, Helene R %A Catalano, Richard F %K Attitude to Health %K Comorbidity %K Condoms %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Partners %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

The present study tested associations between common developmental contexts (relationship involvement, independent living, college attendance, work) and risky sexual behavior (casual sex, inconsistent condom use, high-risk sex) across the 2 years following high school. Data were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children project, and included 801 participants aged 18-21 years. Longitudinal analyses, which controlled for early sexual debut, high school substance use, and high school grades, showed that living with a parent was protective against all three sexual risk behavior outcomes (ORs about 0.70). Being in a romantic relationship was associated with a lower probability of casual sex, but a higher probability of inconsistent condom use. Attending college was associated with a lower probability of high-risk sex (OR = 0.67). Working was not related to the sexual risk behaviors examined. Levels of sexual risk behavior showed little change across the 2 years following high school. Findings from this study suggest that developmental context may affect young adults' engagement in risky sexual behavior. Programs aimed at promoting sexual health and reducing risk behaviors for STIs among young adults should consider targeting those in romantic relationships, those not living with parents, and those not attending college. Further, to develop effective prevention programs for these targeted youth, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms leading to risky sex in these groups.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 40 %P 951-60 %8 2011 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10508-010-9633-0 %0 Journal Article %J Crim Behav Ment Health %D 2011 %T Bullying at elementary school and problem behaviour in young adulthood: a study of bullying, violence and substance use from age 11 to age 21. %A Kim, Min J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Alcoholism %K Bullying %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Regression Analysis %K Schools %K Students %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

AIM: The main aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent self-reported bullying at Grade 5 predicts later violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21.

METHOD: Univariate and multivariate associations between bullying and later outcomes were examined based on a longitudinal community sample of 957 young people from the Raising Healthy Children project.

RESULTS: Childhood bullying was significantly associated with violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21. These associations held up after controlling for prior risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS: Childhood bullying had unique associations with risk of later violence and substance use among young adults. Early intervention to prevent childhood bullying may also reduce other adverse outcomes later in life.

%B Crim Behav Ment Health %V 21 %P 136-44 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/cbm.804 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Changes in self-control problems and attention problems during middle school predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use during high school. %A King, Kevin M %A Fleming, Charles B %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Attention %K Child %K Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Self Concept %K Smoking %X

Although deficits in impulse control have been linked to adolescent use of alcohol and illicit drugs, less attention has been given to variability in change in impulse control across adolescence and whether this variability may be a signal of risk for early substance use. The goals of the current study were to examine growth in two aspects of impulse control, self-control problems and attention problems, across middle adolescence, and to test the prospective effects of level and change in these variables on levels and change over time in substance use. Data are from a community sample of 955 adolescents interviewed (along with their parents and teachers) annually from 6th to 11th grade. Results indicated that greater self-control problems and attentional problems in the 6th grade and increases in these problems over time were associated with higher levels of substance use at 11th grade. Our results suggest that modeling change over time enhances the understanding of how impulse control influences the development of substance use.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 69-79 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1037/a0021958 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Early age alcohol use and later alcohol problems in adolescents: Individual and peer mediators in a bi-national study. %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Statistical %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Social Control, Informal %K Students %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

This paper examines whether there is cross-national similarity in the longitudinal relationship between early age alcohol use and adolescent alcohol problems. Potential mechanisms underlying this relationship also are examined, testing adolescent alcohol use, low self-regulation, and peer deviance as possible mediators. Students (N = 1,945) participating in the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal panel survey study, responded to questions on alcohol use and influencing factors, and were followed annually over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2004 (98% retention rate). State-representative, community student samples were recruited in grade 7 in Washington State, United States (US, n = 961, 78% of those eligible; Mage = 13.09, SD = .44) and Victoria, Australia (n = 984, 76% of those eligible; Mage = 12.93, SD = .41). Analyses were conducted using multiple-group structural equation modeling. In both states, early age alcohol use (age 13) had a small but statistically significant association with subsequent alcohol problems (age 15). Overall, there was little evidence for mediation of early alcohol effects. Low self-regulation prospectively predicted peer deviance, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in both states. Peer deviance was more positively related to alcohol use and low self-regulation among students in Victoria compared to students in Washington State. The small but persistent association of early age alcohol use with alcohol problems across both samples is consistent with efforts to delay alcohol initiation to help prevent problematic alcohol use. Self-regulation was an important influence, supporting the need to further investigate the developmental contribution of neurobehavioral disinhibition.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 625-33 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0023320 %0 Journal Article %J Alcohol Res Health %D 2011 %T Engaging communities to prevent underage drinking. %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %X

Community-based efforts offer broad potential for achieving population-level reductions in alcohol misuse among youth and young adults. A common feature of successful community strategies is reliance on local coalitions to select and fully implement preventive interventions that have been shown to be effective in changing factors that influence risk of youth engaging in alcohol use, including both proximal influences and structural and/or environmental factors related to alcohol use. Inclusion of a universal, school-based prevention curriculum in the larger community-based effort is associated with the reduction of alcohol use by youth younger than 18 years of age and can help reach large numbers of youth with effective alcohol misuse prevention.

%B Alcohol Res Health %V 34 %P 167-74 %8 2011 %G eng %N 2 %R SPS-AR&H-35 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T An examination of the validity of retrospective measures of suicide attempts in youth. %A Mazza, James J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Attitude to Health %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Retrospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Self Concept %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Suicide, Attempted %K United States %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: This study used prospective data to investigate the validity of a retrospective measure of suicide attempts from four different perspectives.

METHODS: Data were retrieved from 883 participants in the Raising Healthy Children project, a longitudinal study of youth recruited from a Pacific Northwest school district. The retrospective measure was collected when participants were 18-19 years of age and results were compared with measures of depressive symptoms collected prospectively.

RESULTS: Results showed strong corroboration between retrospective reports of first suicide attempt and prospective measures of depression, with attempters experiencing significantly more depression than their nonattempting peers, t (df = 853) = 10.26, p < .001. In addition, within the attempter group, depression scores during the year of their reported first attempt were significantly higher than the average depression score across previous years, t (df = 67) = 3.01, p < .01.

CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that the reports of older adolescents regarding their suicide attempts are corroborated by their prospective reports of depression in childhood and earlier adolescence. Thus, there is support that retrospective measures of suicidal behavior, namely suicide attempts, may be a valid method of assessment.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 532-7 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.009 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2011 %T Gender differences in the impact of families on alcohol use: a lagged longitudinal study of early adolescents. %A Kelly, Adrian B %A O'Flaherty, Martin %A Toumbourou, John W %A Connor, Jason P %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Family Relations %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Models, Statistical %K Parents %K Peer Group %K Sex Factors %K Victoria %X

AIMS: From the pre-teen to the mid-teen years, rates of alcohol use and misuse increase rapidly. Cross-sectional research shows that positive family emotional climate (low conflict, high closeness) is protective, and there is emerging evidence that these protective mechanisms are different for girls versus boys. The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in the longitudinal impact of family emotional climate on adolescent alcohol use and exposure to peer drinking networks.

DESIGN: Three-wave two-level (individual, within-individual over time) ordinal logistic regression with alcohol use in the past year as the dependent measure and family variables lagged by 1 year.

SETTING: Adolescents completed surveys during school hours.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 855 Australian students (modal age 10-11 years at baseline) participating in the International Youth Development Study (Victoria, Australia).

MEASUREMENTS: These included emotional closeness to mother/father, family conflict, parent disapproval of alcohol use and peer alcohol use.

FINDINGS: For girls, the effect of emotional closeness to mothers on alcohol use was mediated by exposure to high-risk peer networks. Parent disapproval of alcohol use was protective for both genders, but this effect was larger for boys versus girls, and there was no evidence that peer use mediated this effect. Peer drinking networks showed stronger direct risk effects than family variables.

CONCLUSIONS: Family factors unidirectionally impact on growth in adolescent alcohol use and effects vary with child gender.

%B Addiction %V 106 %P 1427-36 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03435.x %0 Journal Article %J Vaccine %D 2011 %T HPV vaccination among a community sample of young adult women. %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Burgess-Hull, Albert J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Demography %K Educational Status %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Papillomavirus Infections %K Papillomavirus Vaccines %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Smoking %K United States %K Vaccination %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: Despite the high efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, uptake has been slow and little data on psychosocial barriers to vaccination exist.

METHODS: A community sample of 428 women enrolled in a longitudinal study of social development in the Seattle WA metropolitan area were interviewed about HPV vaccine status, attitudes, and barriers to HPV vaccination in spring 2008 or 2009 at ∼age 22.

RESULTS: Nineteen percent of women had initiated vaccination, 10% had completed the series, and ∼40% of unvaccinated women intended to get vaccinated. Peer approval was associated with vaccine initiation (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.2) and intention to vaccinate (APR 1.4; 1.1-1.9). Belief the vaccine is <75% effective was associated with less initiation (APR 0.6; 0.4-0.9) or intention to vaccinate (APR 0.5; 0.4-0.7). Vaccine initiation was also less likely among cigarette smokers and illegal drug users, whereas intention to vaccinate was more common among women currently attending school or with >5 lifetime sex partners, but less common among women perceiving low susceptibility to HPV (APR 0.6; 0.5-0.9).

CONCLUSIONS: HPV vaccination uptake was low in this community sample of young adult women. Increasing awareness of susceptibility to HPV and the high efficacy of the vaccine, along with peer interventions to increase acceptability, may be most effective.

%B Vaccine %V 29 %P 5238-44 %8 2011 Jul 18 %G eng %N 32 %R 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.024 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2011 %T Influence of family factors and supervised alcohol use on adolescent alcohol use and harms: similarities between youth in different alcohol policy contexts. %A McMorris, Barbara J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Kim, Min J %A Toumbourou, John W %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Harm Reduction %K Health Policy %K Humans %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Victoria %K Washington %X

OBJECTIVE: Harm-minimization policies suggest that alcohol use is a part of normal adolescent development and that parents should supervise their children's use to encourage responsible drinking. Zero-tolerance policies suggest that all underage alcohol use should be discouraged. This article compared hypotheses derived from harm-minimization and zero-tolerance policies regarding the influence of family context and supervised drinking on adolescent alcohol use and related harms among adolescents in Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia, two states that have respectively adopted zero-tolerance and harm-minimization policies.

METHOD: Representative samples of seventh-grade students (N = 1,945; 989 females) were recruited from schools in each state. Students completed comprehensive questionnaires on alcohol use, related problem behaviors, and risk and protective factors annually from 2002 to 2004 when they were in ninth grade.

RESULTS: Relationships between family context and alcohol use and harmful use were very similar in both states. Adult-supervised settings for alcohol use were associated with higher levels of harmful alcohol consequences. Adult-supervised alcohol use mediated the links between favorable parental attitudes to alcohol use and ninth-grade alcohol use for students in both states.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite policy differences in the two states, relationships between family context variables and alcohol use and harmful use are remarkably similar. Adult-supervised settings for alcohol use resulted in higher levels of harmful alcohol consequences, contrary to predictions derived from harm-minimization policy. Findings challenge the harm-minimization position that supervised alcohol use or early-age alcohol use will reduce the development of adolescent alcohol problems.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 72 %P 418-28 %8 2011 May %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Crim Behav Ment Health %D 2011 %T Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimisation: A study of students in Victoria, Australia. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Bond, Lyndal %A Kim, Min J %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Bullying %K Crime Victims %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Peer Group %K Schools %K Social Environment %K Students %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Victoria %X

AIMS: To examine the associations between self-reported bullying perpetration and victimisation in Years 7 and 10 and a range of psychosocial outcomes in Year 11.

METHOD: This analysis draws on data from the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of 5769 students from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States who were recruited through schools in Years 5, 7 and 9 in 2002. Data for the current results are taken from participants in the youngest (Year 5) Victorian cohort of the study.

RESULTS: Rates of bullying victimisation exceeded 30% and up to one in five students had engaged in bullying. Adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed that bullying perpetration, and bullying victimisation in Year 7 did not significantly predict psychosocial outcomes in Year 11. Bullying perpetration in Year 10 was associated with an increased likelihood of theft, violent behaviour and binge drinking. Year 10 bullying victimisation was associated with an increased likelihood of Year 11 depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Prevention approaches that target bullying perpetration and victimisation are necessary. Programmes that lessen bullying may also have an impact on other proximally related behaviours, including binge drinking and depression.

%B Crim Behav Ment Health %V 21 %P 107-16 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/cbm.802 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Is nonmedical prescription opiate use a unique form of illicit drug use? %A Catalano, Richard F %A White, Helene R %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Analgesics, Opioid %K Drug Prescriptions %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Northwestern United States %K Risk Factors %K Self Medication %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

Nonmedical prescription opiate (NMPO) use is of great concern because of its high addiction potential, cognitive impairment effects, and other adverse consequences (e.g., hormonal and immune system effects, hyperalgesia and overdose). Due to the combination of drugs used by those who are NMPO users, it is difficult to isolate the negative effects of NMPO use from the effects of other legal and illicit drugs. Based on a stage model of substance use, this study tested whether NMPO use represents a unique form of illicit drug use among emerging adults and whether there are unique consequences of early NMPO use. We used longitudinal data from 912 emerging adults from the Raising Healthy Children study who were interviewed at least annually from the first or second grade through age 21. The findings indicated that almost all NMPO users have also used marijuana and a large majority has also used other drugs, such as cocaine and ecstasy. In addition, more frequent users of NMPOs are also more frequent users of other drugs. Except for violent behavior, NMPO use explained little unique variance in negative outcomes of use (e.g., drug use disorder, mood disorder, nonproductive behavior, poor health, and property crime) beyond that explained by other illicit drug use. Future studies examining the predictors or consequences of NMPO use and nonmedical use of other prescription drugs need to consider use within the context of other drug use.

%B Addict Behav %V 36 %P 79-86 %8 2011 Jan-Feb %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.028 %0 Journal Article %J J Addict Dis %D 2011 %T Opiate-addicted parents in methadone treatment: long-term recovery, health, and family relationships. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Gainey, Randy R %K Family Relations %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Status %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Methadone %K Middle Aged %K Opiate Substitution Treatment %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Parenting %K Psychotherapy, Group %K Risk Factors %X

Few studies follow the lives of opiate-addicted parents. The authors examined a 12-year follow-up of 144 parents in methadone treatment and their 3- to 14-year-old children. Parent mortality was high. Among survivors, drug use and treatment, incarceration, residential and family disruptions, and health problems were common. Moderate and long-term recovery were associated with consistent methadone treatment, further education, employment, and fewer relationship disruptions. Earlier depression, deviant friends, and poor coping skills predicted continued drug problems. Thus, interventions should include treatment for depression and build skills for avoiding and refusing drugs, coping with stress, and maintaining recovery-supportive friendships.

%B J Addict Dis %V 30 %P 17-26 %8 2011 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1080/10550887.2010.531670 %0 Journal Article %J J Affect Disord %D 2011 %T Predicting future depression in adolescents using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire: a two-nation study. %A McKenzie, Dean P %A Toumbourou, John W %A Forbes, Andrew B %A Mackinnon, Andrew J %A McMorris, Barbara J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Affect %K Australia %K Child %K Depression %K Depressive Disorder %K Emotions %K Humans %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Psychology, Adolescent %K Self Concept %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a key life period for the development of depression. Predicting the development of depression in adolescence through detecting specific early symptoms may aid in the development of timely screening and intervention programmes.

METHODS: We administered the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) to 5769 American and Australian students aged 10 to 15 years, at two time points, separated by 12 months. We attempted to predict high levels of depression symptoms at 12 months from symptoms at baseline, using statistical approaches based upon the quality, as well as the quantity, of depression symptoms present. These approaches included classification and regression trees (CART) and logistic regression.

RESULTS: A classification tree employing four SMFQ items, such as feelings of self-hatred and of being unloved, performed almost as well as all 13 SMFQ items at predicting subsequent depression symptomatology.

LIMITATIONS: Depression was measured using a self-report instrument, rather than a criterion standard diagnostic interview.

CONCLUSION: Further validation on other populations of adolescents is required: however the results suggest that several symptoms of depression, especially feelings of self-hatred, and being unloved, are associated with increased levels of self-reported depression at 12 months post baseline. Although screening for depression can be problematic, symptoms such as the ones above should be considered for inclusion in screening tests for adolescents.

%B J Affect Disord %V 134 %P 151-9 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 1-3 %R 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.022 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in washington state, the United States and Victoria, Australia: a longitudinal study. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Heerde, Jessica A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Patton, George C %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Harm Reduction %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Peer Group %K Social Environment %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %X

PURPOSE: To compare the levels of risk and protective factors and the predictive influence of these factors on alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use over a 12-month follow-up period in Washington State in the United States and in Victoria, Australia.

METHOD: The study involved a longitudinal school-based survey of students drawn as a two-stage cluster sample recruited through schools, and administered in the years 2002 and 2003 in both states. The study used statewide representative samples of students in the seventh and ninth grades (n = 3,876) in Washington State and Victoria.

RESULTS: Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, had higher rates of cannabis use but lower rates of alcohol and tobacco use at time 1. Levels of risk and protective factors showed few but important differences that contribute to the explanation of differences in substance use; Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, reported higher religiosity (odds ratio, .96 vs. .79) and availability of handguns (odds ratio, 1.23 vs. 1.18), but less favorable peer, community, and parental attitudes to substance use. The associations with substance use at follow-up are generally comparable, but in many instances were weaker in Washington State.

CONCLUSIONS: Levels of risk and protective factors and their associations with substance use at follow-up were mostly similar in the two states. Further high-quality longitudinal studies to establish invariance in the relations between risk and protective factors and substance use in adolescence across diverse countries are warranted.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 312-20 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.017 %0 Journal Article %J J Rural Health %D 2011 %T Rural adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: a comparison of students in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. %A Coomber, Kerri %A Toumbourou, John W %A Miller, Peter %A Staiger, Petra K %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Rural Population %K Self Report %K Smoking %K Social Class %K Street Drugs %K Victoria %K Washington %X

PURPOSE: There are inconsistent research findings regarding the impact of rurality on adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substance use. Therefore, the current study reports on the effect of rurality on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among adolescents in 2 state representative samples in 2 countries, Washington State (WA) in the United States and Victoria (VIC) in Australia.

PARTICIPANTS: The International Youth Development Study (IYDS) recruited representative samples of students from Grade 7 (aged 12 to 13 years) and Grade 9 (aged 14 to 15) in both states. A total of 3,729 students responded to questions about alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit substance use (n(VIC) = 1,852; n(WA) = 1,877). In each state, males and females were equally represented and ages ranged from 12 to 15 years.

METHODS: Data were analyzed to compare lifetime and current (past 30 days) substance use for students located in census areas classified as urban, large or small town, and rural. Findings were adjusted for school clustering and weighted to compare prevalence at median age 14 years.

FINDINGS: Rates of lifetime and current alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use were significantly higher in rural compared to urban students in both states (odds ratio for current substance use = 1.31).

CONCLUSIONS: In both Washington State and Victoria, early adolescent rural students use substances more frequently than their urban counterparts. Future studies should examine factors that place rural adolescents at risk for alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use.

%B J Rural Health %V 27 %P 409-15 %8 2011 Winter %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00360.x %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2011 %T Sensitive periods for adolescent alcohol use initiation: Predicting the lifetime occurrence and chronicity of alcohol problems in adulthood. %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hawkins, J D %A Woods, M L %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Ethanol %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Time Factors %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between age at alcohol use onset and adult alcohol misuse and dependence by testing the sensitive-period hypothesis that early adolescence (11-14) is a vulnerable period of development during which initiating alcohol use is particularly harmful.

METHOD: Data came from a longitudinal panel of 808 participants recruited in 1981. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008 with 92% retention.

RESULTS: Onset of alcohol use before age 11 (late childhood), when compared with initiation during early adolescence, was related to an increased chronicity of adult alcohol dependence, even after accounting for sociodemographic controls and other substance use in adolescence. The present study finds no evidence that early adolescence is a particularly sensitive period for the onset of alcohol use. Findings related to the onset of regular alcohol use and the chronicity of alcohol dependence suggest that the onset of regular drinking before age 21 is problematic, but no one adolescent period is more sensitive than others. Specifically, although all age groups that started drinking regularly before age 21 had a greater rate of alcohol dependence in adulthood, initiation of regular use of alcohol at or before age 14 was not related to greater chronicity of alcohol dependence than the initiation of regular use of alcohol in middle or late adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the importance of delaying the onset of alcohol use through prevention efforts as early as the elementary grades. In addition, prevention efforts should focus on preventing the onset of regular drinking before age 21.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 72 %P 221-31 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse %D 2010 %T Alcohol use disorders and depression: Protective factors in the development of unique versus comorbid outcomes %A Mason, W A %A Hawkins, J D %A Kosterman, Rick %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Protective factors for young adult alcohol use disorders, depression, and comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression were examined. Participants were recruited from all fifth-grade students attending 18 Seattle elementary schools. Of the 1,053 students eligible, 808 (77%) agreed to participate. Youth were surveyed when they were 10 years-old in 1985 and followed to age 21 years years in 1996 (95% retention). Protective factors were measured at age 14 years years. Young adult disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Alcohol refusal skills, academic skills, school and family bonding, parental rewards, school rewards, and family cohesion at age 14 years years were associated with decreased risk for comorbidity at age 21 years years.

%B J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse %V 19 %P 309-323 %8 2010 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/1067828X.2010.502491 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T Future directions for positive youth development as a strategy to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Catalano, Richard F %A Gavin, Lorrie E %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Medicine %K Research %K Sexual Behavior %K United States %X

PYD has tremendous potential to promote not only ASRH but adolescent health more broadly. This review has identified 15 tested, effective models that have demonstrated impact on ASRH; most also affected other youth outcomes, and several produced long-lasting, sustainable effects. These model programs should be prepared for broader dissemination, replication, and effectiveness trials. Broader dissemination will entail investments in developing training, technical assistance, and monitoring models that will aid in ensuring and sustaining implementation with fidelity and tracking program adaptations in broad settings. Evaluations of existing national youth-serving organizations and existing PYD programs that are unevaluated should be encouraged if they are evaluable, address the most strongly supported PYD constructs, have a clearly developed logic model that connects program elements to youth development constructs and outcomes, and program manuals are developed. Support is also provided here for the impact of youth development constructs on later ASRH outcomes, suggesting that new PYD programs, especially those targeting PYD constructs with longitudinal evidence of promotive or protective effects, should be developed and evaluated to identify long-term results. There is much work to be done on examining the ability of PYD constructs to impact ASRH. While there is sufficient evidence for a number of PYD constructs, more longitudinal research is needed. We have argued here that investigation of existing longitudinal datasets may efficiently increase our understanding of the evidence for the promotive and protective effects of understudied constructs or those with mixed evidence. Further, there is a need for the development of standardized measures of PYD constructs and the development and use of measures of positive sexual and reproductive health outcomes. We also recommend that future studies compare the relative strength of the PYD constructs and devote more resources to understanding how these constructs work together to promote ASRH.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S92-6 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.026 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Identifying trajectories of adolescents' depressive phenomena: an examination of early risk factors. %A Mazza, James J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Parents %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses, using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors, with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups. These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 579-93 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-009-9406-z %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2010 %T The impact of school tobacco policies on student smoking in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia. %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Bond, Lyndal %A Ukoumunne, Obioha C %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Organizational Policy %K Smoking %K Social Class %K Students %K Tobacco %K Victoria %K Washington %X

This paper measures tobacco policies in statewide representative samples of secondary and mixed schools in Victoria, Australia and Washington, US (N = 3,466 students from 285 schools) and tests their association with student smoking. Results from confounder-adjusted random effects (multi-level) regression models revealed that the odds of student perception of peer smoking on school grounds are decreased in schools that have strict enforcement of policy (odds ratio (OR) = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.82; p = 0.009). There was no clear evidence in this study that a comprehensive smoking ban, harsh penalties, remedial penalties, harm minimization policy or abstinence policy impact on any of the smoking outcomes.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 7 %P 698-710 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.3390/ijerph7030698 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2010 %T Person-environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood. %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Shapiro, Valerie B %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Alcoholism %K Anxiety %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Inhibition (Psychology) %K Linear Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Social Environment %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Behavioral disinhibition (externalizing/impulsivity) and behavioral inhibition (internalizing/anxiety) may contribute to the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. But tests of person-by-environment interactions in predicting alcohol use disorders are needed. This study examined the extent to which interactions between behavioral disinhibition, behavioral inhibition and family management during adolescence predict alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27.

METHODS: This study used longitudinal data from a community sample of 808 men and women interviewed from ages 10 to 27 in the Seattle Social Development Project. Zero-order correlations followed by a series of nested regressions examined the relationships between individual characteristics (behavioral disinhibition and behavioral inhibition/anxiety) and environment (good vs. poor family management practices during adolescence) in predicting alcohol abuse and dependence criterion counts at age 27.

RESULTS: Behavioral disinhibition and poor family management predicted increased likelihood of both alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27. Behavioral inhibition/anxiety was unrelated to both outcomes. Youths high in behavioral disinhibition were at increased risk for later alcohol abuse and dependence only in consistently poorly managed family environments. In consistently well-managed families, high levels of behavioral disinhibition did not increase risk for later alcohol abuse or dependence.

CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral disinhibition increases risk for alcohol abuse and dependence in early adulthood only for individuals who experience poor family management during adolescence. Interventions seeking to reduce environmental risks by strengthening consistent positive family management practices may prevent later alcohol abuse and dependence among individuals at risk due to behavioral disinhibition.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 110 %P 62-9 %8 2010 Jul 1 %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.005 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T Positive youth development as a strategy to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Gavin, Lorrie E %A Catalano, Richard F %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Behavior %K Sexual Behavior %K Young Adult %B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S1-6 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.017 %0 Journal Article %J Pediatrics %D 2010 %T Pubertal stage and the prevalence of violence and social/relational aggression. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Carlin, John B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Prevalence %K Puberty %K Risk Factors %K Spouse Abuse %K Victoria %K Violence %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between pubertal stage and violent adolescent behavior and social/relational aggression.

METHODS: The International Youth Development Study comprises statewide representative student samples in grades 5, 7, and 9 (N = 5769) in Washington State and Victoria, Australia, drawn as a 2-stage cluster sample in each state. We used a school-administered, self-report student survey to measure previous-year violent behavior (ie, attacking or beating up another person) and social/relational aggression (excluding peers from the group, threatening to spread lies or rumors), as well as risk and protective factors and pubertal development. Cross-sectional data were analyzed.

RESULTS: Compared with early puberty, the odds of violent behavior were approximately threefold higher in midpuberty (odds ratio [OR]: 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.81-4.55]) and late puberty (OR: 3.79 [95% CI: 2.25-6.39]) after adjustment for demographic factors. For social/relational aggression, there were weaker overall associations after adjustment, but these associations included an interaction between pubertal stage and age, and stronger associations with pubertal stage at younger age were shown (P = .003; midpuberty OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.20-2.63]; late puberty OR: 3.00 [95% CI: 1.95-4.63]). Associations between pubertal stage and violent behavior and social/relational aggression remained after the inclusion of social contextual mediators in the analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Pubertal stage was associated with higher rates of violent behavior and social/relational aggression, with the latter association seen only at younger ages. Puberty is an important phase at which to implement prevention programs to reduce adolescent violent and antisocial behaviors.

%B Pediatrics %V 126 %P e298-305 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1542/peds.2009-0574 %0 Journal Article %J Adm Policy Ment Health %D 2010 %T The relationship between outpatient mental health treatment and subsequent mental health symptoms and disorders in young adults. %A Van Dorn, Richard A %A Kosterman, Rick %A Williams, James H %A Chandler, Kristen %A Young, M S %A Catalano, Richard F %A Hawkins, J D %K Adult %K Ambulatory Care %K Community Mental Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Young Adult %X

The objective of this study was to evaluate community-based outpatient mental health services for young adults. Participants were interviewed at ages 21, 24, 27, and 30. Outcomes included: (1) symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, social phobia, dysthymia and post traumatic stress individually and as a global scale; and (2) a dichotomous diagnosis variable inclusive of all above disorders. Treatment was indicated by an outpatient visit to a psychiatrist or other professional. Treatment did not reduce mental disorder or symptoms. Substance use, violence, poverty, community disorganization, and family history of antisocial behavior increased risks for negative outcomes, while social support was protective. The absence of positive findings associated with outpatient treatment is troubling given the empirically supported interventions for the conditions examined. Practitioners, agencies, and managed care organizations share a responsibility to implement effective and comprehensive interventions.

%B Adm Policy Ment Health %V 37 %P 484-96 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10488-010-0291-2 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Relationships between level and change in family, school, and peer factors during two periods of adolescence and problem behavior at age 19. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Crime %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

While prior research has examined family, school, and peer factors as potential predictors of problem behavior, less attention has been given to studying when these factors are most predictive of problems and if and when changes in these factors signal risk. Using annual data on a community sample of 1,040 individuals (47% female; 81% White), this study models growth in risk and protective factors during two developmental periods (Grades 5-8 and Grades 9-12) in order to predict substance misuse and crime at age 19. For protective factors of positive relationships with family and positive bonds to school, both the levels of these factors at Grade 5 and change between Grade 5 and Grade 8 predicted substance misuse and crime in early adulthood. Higher likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior also were predicted by increases in the risk factor of exposure to negative peers between 5th and 8th grade. In the late adolescent period, levels at 9th grade of all risk and protective factors examined predicted both substance misuse and crime. Also, increases in exposure to negative peers in late adolescence predicted greater likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior, while greater risk of substance misuse was predicted by decreases in school bonding and academic achievement, and greater risk of crime was predicted by worsening relationships with family. The results add to prior research by indicating that in addition to the level, change in risk and protective factors during these two stages of development can be signals of risk and are promising targets for intervention.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 670-82 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-010-9526-5 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T A review of positive youth development programs that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Gavin, Loretta E %A Catalano, Richard F %A David-Ferdon, Corinne %A Gloppen, Kari M %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Behavior %K Sexual Behavior %X

PURPOSE: Positive youth development (PYD) may be a promising strategy for promoting adolescent health. A systematic review of the published data was conducted to identify and describe PYD programs that improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health.

METHODS: Eight databases were searched for articles about PYD programs published between 1985 and 2007. Programs included met the following criteria: fostered at least one of 12 PYD goals in multiple socialization domains (i.e., family, school, community) or addressed two or more goals in at least one socialization domain; allocated at least half of the program activities to promoting general PYD outcomes (as compared with a focus on direct sexual health content); included youth younger than 20 years old; and used an experimental or quasi-experimental evaluation design.

RESULTS: Thirty programs met the inclusion criteria, 15 of which had evidence of improving at least one adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcome. Program effects were moderate and well-sustained. Program goals addressed by approximately 50% or more of the effective programs included promoting prosocial bonding, cognitive competence, social competence, emotional competence, belief in the future, and self-determination. Effective programs were significantly more likely than those that did not have an impact to strengthen the school context and to deliver activities in a supportive atmosphere. Effective programs were also more likely to build skills, enhance bonding, strengthen the family, engage youth in real roles and activities, empower youth, communicate expectations, and be stable and relatively long-lasting, although these differences between effective and ineffective programs were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: PYD programs can promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and tested, effective PYD programs should be part of a comprehensive approach to promoting adolescent health. However, more research is needed before a specific list of program characteristics can be viewed as a "recipe" for success.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S75-91 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.215 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2010 %T Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marriage %K Sexual Partners %K Single Person %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Changes in romantic relationship status are common in emerging adulthood and may be linked to changes in substance use. This study tested the hypothesis that entry into relationships or transitioning to a more committed status leads to decreases in substance use and that dissolution of relationships or transitioning to a less committed status results in increases in substance use.

METHOD: Data were from a community sample of 939 individuals. Substance use (heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking) and relationship status (single, in a romantic relationship but not cohabiting, cohabiting, or married) were assessed at the beginning and end of three 6-month intervals between the ages of 18 and 20 years. Models were estimated to assess the association between transitions in relationship status and substance use, adjusting for prior levels of use.

RESULTS: There were increases in heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking associated with dissolution of a romantic relationship, as well as increases in marijuana use and cigarette smoking associated with switching partners within a 6-month interval. Mediation analyses found some support for increases in both depressive symptoms and exposure to substance-using peers partially accounting for these associations. Decreases in substance use were not found for individuals entering into a new relationship or transitioning to a more committed relationship status. In fact, cigarette smoking increased among those who went from being single to being in a romantic relationship compared with those whose relationship status did not change.

CONCLUSIONS: Emerging adults who experience dissolution of romantic relationships or quickly move from one relationship to another experience increased substance use. Both depressive symptoms and changes in peer environments may partially account for these changes in use.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 71 %P 847-56 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J J Health Soc Behav %D 2010 %T Romantic relationships and substance use in early adulthood: an examination of the influences of relationship type, partner substance use, and relationship quality. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Courtship %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This study used longitudinal data from 909 young adults to examine associations between substance use and the status and quality of romantic relationships. Heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking, as well as relationship status, relationship quality, partner substance use, and other salient life circumstances were assessed at four time points in the two years after high school. Marriage, cohabiting relationships, and noncohabiting dating relationships were associated with reductions in heavy drinking and marijuana use relative to non-dating, after adjusting for adolescent substance use; marriage compared to not dating was associated with reductions in cigarette smoking. For those in romantic relationships, partner substance use moderated the associations between relationship quality and substance use for heavy drinking and for marijuana use, supporting the hypothesis derived from the Social Development Model that the protective effect of stronger social bonds depends on the use patterns of the partner to whom an individual is bonded.

%B J Health Soc Behav %V 51 %P 153-67 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2010 %T Testing the universality of the effects of the communities that care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Universal community-oriented interventions are an important component in the prevention of youth health and behavior problems. Testing the universality of the effects of an intervention that was designed to be universal is important because it provides information about how the program operates and for whom and under what conditions it is most effective. The present study examined whether the previously established significant effects of the universal, community-based Communities That Care (CTC) prevention program on the prevalence of substance use and the variety of delinquent behaviors held equally for boys and girls and in risk-related subgroups defined by early substance use, early delinquency, and high levels of community-targeted risk at baseline. Interaction analyses of data from a panel of 4,407 students followed from Grade 5 to Grade 8 in the first randomized trial of CTC in 12 matched community pairs suggests that CTC reduced students' substance use and delinquency equally across risk-related subgroups and gender, with two exceptions: The effect of CTC on reducing substance use in 8th grade was stronger for boys than girls and the impact of CTC on reducing 8th-grade delinquency was stronger for students who were nondelinquent at baseline.

%B Prev Sci %V 11 %P 411-23 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11121-010-0178-1