%0 Journal Article %J Assessment %D 2017 %T Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-9: Longitudinal measurement invariance across parents and youth during the transition to high school %A Gross, Thomas J. %A Fleming, Charles B. %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P. %B Assessment %V 24 %P 646-659 %G eng %! Assessment %0 Journal Article %J Addictive Behaviors %D 2017 %T Parent and peer pathways linking childhood experiences of abuse with marijuana use in adolescence and adulthood %A Mason, W A %A Russo, M J %A Chmelka, Mary B. %A Herrenkohl, Roy C. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I. %B Addictive Behaviors %V 66 %P 70-75 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Early Adolescence %D 2016 %T Child and parent report of parenting as predictors of substance use and suspensions from school %A Fleming, Charles B. %A Mason, W A %A Thompson, Ronald W. %A Haggerty, Kevin P. %A Gross, Thomas J. %B Journal of Early Adolescence %V 36 %P 625-645 %G eng %! J Early Adolescence %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Youth and Adolescence %D 2016 %T Depressed mood during early to middle adolescence: A bi-national longitudinal study of the unique impact of family conflict %A Kelly, Adrian B. %A Mason, W A %A Chmelka, Mary B. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I. %A Kim, Min J. %A Patton, George C. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A. %A Toumbourou, John W. %A Catalano, Richard F. %B Journal of Youth and Adolescence %V 45 %P 1604-1613 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J American Journal of Orthopsychiatry %D 2016 %T Mediating and moderating effects of social support in the study of child abuse and adult physical and mental health %A Herrenkohl, Todd I. %A Jung, Hyunzee %A Klika, J B %A Mason, W A %A Brown, Eric C. %A Leeb, Rebecca T. %A Herrenkohl, Roy C. %B American Journal of Orthopsychiatry %V 86 %P 573-583 %G eng %! Am J Orthopsychiatry %0 Journal Article %J Child Youth Serv Rev %D 2016 %T Parent training to reduce problem behaviors over the transition to high school: Tests of indirect effects through improved emotion regulation skills %A Mason, W A %A January, Stacy-Ann A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Parra, Gilbert R %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %X

Adolescent problem behaviors are costly for individuals and society. Promoting the self-regulatory functioning of youth may help prevent the development of such behaviors. Parent-training and family intervention programs have been shown to improve child and adolescent self-regulation. This study helps fill gaps in knowledge by testing for indirect effects of the Common Sense Parenting(®) (CSP) program on reduced substance use, conduct problems, and school suspensions through previously identified short-term improvements in parents' reports of their children's emotion regulation skills. Over two cohorts, 321 low income families of 8(th) graders were enrolled and randomly assigned to either the standard CSP program, an adapted CSP Plus program, or a minimal-contact control condition. Pretest, posttest, 1-year follow-up, and 2-year follow-up survey assessments were completed by parents and students with 94% retention. Intent-to-treat multivariate path analyses were conducted. Neither intervention had statistically significant total effects on the three targeted adolescent outcomes. CSP, but not CSP Plus, had statistically significant indirect effects on reduced substance use and school suspensions at the 1-year follow-up as well as conduct problems and school suspensions at the 2-year follow-up through increased child emotion regulation skills at posttest. Findings provide some support for emotion regulation as one pathway through which the intervention was associated, indirectly, with reduced substance use, conduct problems, and school suspensions among at-risk students over the high school transition.

%B Child Youth Serv Rev %V 61 %P 176-183 %8 2016 Feb 1 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26778871?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.022 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Abus %D 2016 %T Prevalence of marijuana and other substance use before and after Washington State's change from legal medical marijuana to legal medical and nonmedical marijuana: Cohort comparisons in a sample of adolescents. %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Hanson, Koren %A Gross, Thomas J %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

BACKGROUND: A growing number of states have new legislation extending prior legalization of medical marijuana by allowing nonmedical marijuana use for adults. The potential influence of this change in legislation on adolescent marijuana and other substance use (e.g., spillover or substitution effects) is uncertain. We capitalize on an ongoing study to explore the prevalence of marijuana and other substance use in 2 cohorts of adolescents who experienced the nonmedical marijuana law change in Washington State at different ages.

METHODS: Participants were 8th graders enrolled in targeted Tacoma, Washington public schools and recruited in 2 consecutive annual cohorts. The analysis sample was 238 students who completed a baseline survey in the 8th grade and a follow-up survey after the 9th grade. Between the 2 assessments, the second cohort experienced the Washington State nonmedical marijuana law change, whereas the first cohort did not. Self-report survey data on lifetime and past-month marijuana, cigarette, and alcohol use were collected.

RESULTS: Multivariate multilevel modeling showed that cohort differences in the likelihood of marijuana use were significantly different from those for cigarette and alcohol use at follow-up (adjusting for baseline substance initiation). Marijuana use was higher for the second cohort than the first cohort, but this difference was not statistically significant. Rates of cigarette and alcohol use were slightly lower in the second cohort than in the first cohort.

CONCLUSIONS: This exploratory study found that marijuana use was more prevalent among teens shortly after the transition from medical marijuana legalization only to medical and nonmedical marijuana legalization, although the difference between cohorts was not statistically significant. The findings also provided some evidence of substitution effects. The analytic technique used here may be useful for examining potential long-term effects of nonmedical marijuana laws on adolescent marijuana use and substitution or spillover effects in future studies.

%B Subst Abus %V 37 %P 330-5 %8 2016 Apr-Jun %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26252354?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1080/08897077.2015.1071723 %0 Book Section %B Marijuana and mental health %D 2016 %T Prevention of marijuana misuse: School-, family-, and community-based approaches %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B. %A Haggerty, Kevin P. %E Compton, Michael T. %B Marijuana and mental health %I American Psychiatric Association Publishing %C Arlington, VA %P 199-225 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Family Psychology %D 2016 %T Randomized trial of parent training to prevent adolescent problem behaviors during the high school transition %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B. %A Gross, Thomas J. %A Thompson, Ronald W. %A Parra, Gilbert J. %A Haggerty, Kevin P. %A Snyder, James J. %B Journal of Family Psychology %V 30 %P 944-954 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Soc Social Work Res %D 2015 %T Adherence and dosage contributions to parenting program quality %A Gross, Thomas J %A Mason, W A %A Parra, Gilbert %A Oats, Robert %A Ringle, Jay %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

OBJECTIVE: The 3 most frequently examined elements of treatment fidelity are adherence, dosage, and quality. The relationships between these fidelity elements are complex, and additional research is needed to provide clarity. Improving clarity may be especially relevant to parenting programs, which tend to include direct explicit instruction (DEI) elements (i.e., instruction, modeling, and practice). The adherence to and dosage of these DEI elements are frequently assumed to improve program quality; however, little information is available to determine if such adherence and dosage affect program quality. This study examines whether adherence to and dosage of DEI elements predict quality ratings for a widely disseminated, manualized parenting program.

METHOD: Adherence is defined as the percentage of intervention tasks completed for each DEI element. Dosage is defined as the number of minutes and seconds spent in each intervention DEI element. Treatment fidelity is assessed for 36 of 144 sessions across 10 program facilitators. A hierarchical linear regression analysis examines the contributions of adherence and dosage in the prediction of session quality ratings.

RESULTS: The analysis indicates that adherence accounts for a significant proportion of the variance (26%), whereas dosage contributes a nonsignificant proportion of variance (11%). Adherence to skill practice was the strongest individual predictor (β = .445, p < .01).

CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that ensuring a high degree of adherence can contribute to quality program delivery. However, more exploration is needed to better understand the ways in which adherence and dosage of DEI elements affect program quality.

%B J Soc Social Work Res %V 6 %P 467-489 %8 2015 Dec %G ENG %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26726301?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1086/684108 %0 Journal Article %J Assessment %D 2015 %T Alabama Parenting Questionnaire-9: Longitudinal measurement invariance across parents and youth during the transition to high school %A Gross, Thomas J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %X

The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire nine-item short form (APQ-9) is an often used assessment of parenting in research and applied settings. It uses parent and youth ratings for three scales: Positive Parenting, Inconsistent Discipline, and Poor Supervision. The purpose of this study is to examine the longitudinal invariance of the APQ-9 for both parents and youth, and the multigroup invariance between parents and youth during the transition from middle school to high school. Parent and youth longitudinal configural, metric, and scalar invariance for the APQ-9 were supported when tested separately. However, the multigroup invariance tests indicated that scalar invariance was not achieved between parent and youth ratings. Essentially, parent and youth mean scores for Positive Parenting, Inconsistent Discipline, and Poor Supervision can be independently compared across the transition from middle school to high school. However, comparing parent and youth scores across the APQ-9 scales may not be meaningful.

%B Assessment %8 2015 Dec 15 %G ENG %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26671892?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1177/1073191115620839 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2015 %T Predictors of participation in parenting workshops for improving adolescent behavioral and mental health: Results from the Common Sense Parenting trial. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Fernandez, Kate %A Casey-Goldstein, Mary %A Oats, Robert G %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Ethnic Groups %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Health %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Parents %K Poverty Areas %K Program Evaluation %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Social Class %K Washington %X

Engaging and retaining participants are crucial to achieving adequate implementation of parenting interventions designed to prevent problem behaviors among children and adolescents. This study examined predictors of engagement and retention in a group-based family intervention across two versions of the program: a standard version requiring only parent attendance for six sessions and an adapted version with two additional sessions that required attendance by the son or daughter. Families included a parent and an eighth grader who attended one of five high-poverty schools in an urban Pacific Northwest school district. The adapted version of the intervention had a higher rate of engagement than the standard version, a difference that was statistically significant after adjusting for other variables assessed at enrollment in the study. Higher household income and parent education, younger student age, and poorer affective quality in the parent-child relationship predicted greater likelihood of initial attendance. In the adapted version of the intervention, parents of boys were more likely to engage with the program than those of girls. The variables considered did not strongly predict retention, although retention was higher among parents of boys. Retention did not significantly differ between conditions. Asking for child attendance at workshops may have increased engagement in the intervention, while findings for other predictors of attendance point to the need for added efforts to recruit families who have less socioeconomic resources, as well as families who perceive they have less need for services.

%B J Prim Prev %V 36 %P 105-18 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656381?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s10935-015-0386-3 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Fam Stud %D 2015 %T Reducing risks for problem behaviors during the high school transition: Proximal outcomes in the Common Sense Parenting trial %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %X

This study tests Common Sense Parenting (CSP)®, a widely used parent-training program, in its standard form and in a modified form known as CSP Plus, with low-income 8(th) graders and their families during the high school transition. The six-session CSP program proximally targets parenting and child emotion regulation skills. CSP Plus adds two sessions that include youth, and the eight-session program further targets skills for avoiding negative peers and activities in high school. Over two cohorts, 321 families were enrolled and randomly assigned to either CSP, CSP Plus, or minimal-contact control conditions. To date, pretest and posttest assessments have been completed, with 93% retention over about a 6-month interval. Here, analyses of preliminary outcomes from pretest to posttest focus on data collected from parents, who represent the primary proximal intervention targets. Intent-to-treat structural equation modeling analyses were conducted. CSP and CSP Plus had statistically significant effects on increased parent-reported child emotion regulation skills. CSP Plus further showed a statistically significant effect on increased parent perceptions of their adolescent being prepared for high school, but only in a model that excluded the CSP condition. Neither program had a significant proximal effect on parenting practices. Emotion regulation, one indicator of self-control, is a robust protective factor against problem behaviors. Intervention effects on this outcome may translate into reduced problems during high school. Moreover, CSP Plus showed some limited signs of added value for preparing families for the high school transition.

%B J Child Fam Stud %V 24 %P 2568-2578 %8 2015 Sep 1 %G ENG %N 9 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26508822?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s10826-014-0059-5 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Use Misuse %D 2015 %T Washington State recreational marijuana legalization: parent and adolescent perceptions, knowledge, and discussions in a sample of low-income families. %A Mason, W A %A Hanson, Koren %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Family %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Knowledge %K Male %K Marijuana Smoking %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Perception %K Poverty %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: In November 2012, Washington State and Colorado became the first states in the United States to legalize recreational marijuana use for adults, and Uruguay became the first country to allow the cultivation, distribution, possession, and use of marijuana. One possible consequence of these changes is increased adolescent marijuana use. Parents may mitigate this adverse consequence; however, whether parents and adolescents have accurate knowledge about the laws and are discussing marijuana use in light of the law changes is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: We examine perceptions, knowledge, and parent-child discussions about Washington State's recreational marijuana law in a sample of low-income families.

METHODS: Participants were a subset of families (n = 115) in an ongoing study that originally recruited parents and adolescents from middle schools in Tacoma, Washington. In summer 2013, when students were entering the 11(th) grade, students and their parents were asked questions about the recreational marijuana law.

RESULTS: Participants perceived that their marijuana-related attitudes and behaviors changed little as a result of the law, and displayed uncertainty about what is legal and illegal. Most parents reported discussing the new law with their children but only occasionally, and conversations emphasized household rules, particularly among parent lifetime marijuana users compared to non-users. Conclusions/Importance: Results suggest that there should be a public health campaign focused on families that provides clear information about the recreational marijuana laws.

%B Subst Use Misuse %V 50 %P 541-5 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671633?dopt=Abstract %R 10.3109/10826084.2014.952447 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T A framework for testing and promoting expanded dissemination of promising preventive interventions that are being implemented in community settings. %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Program Development %K Registries %K United States %X

Many evidence-based preventive interventions have been developed in recent years, but few are widely used. With the current focus on efficacy trials, widespread dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions are often afterthoughts. One potential strategy for reversing this trend is to find a promising program with a strong delivery vehicle in place and improve and test the program's efficacy through rigorous evaluation. If the program is supported by evidence, the dissemination vehicle is already in place and potentially can be expanded. This strategy has been used infrequently and has met with limited success to date, in part, because the field lacks a framework for guiding such research. To address this gap, we outline a framework for moving promising preventive interventions that are currently being implemented in community settings through a process of rigorous testing and, if needed, program modification in order to promote expanded dissemination. The framework is guided by RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) (Glasgow et al., Am J Publ Health 89:1322-1327, 1999), which focuses attention on external as well as internal validity in program tests, and is illustrated with examples. Challenges, such as responding to negative and null results, and opportunities inherent in the framework are discussed.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 674-83 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0409-3 %0 Journal Article %J J Res Adolesc %D 2012 %T Effects of timing of adversity on adolescent and young adult adjustment %A Kiff, Cara J %A Cortes, Rebecca %A Lengua, Lilana %A Kosterman, Rick %A Hawkins, J D %A Mason, W A %X

Effects of Timing of Adversity on Adolescent and Young Adult Adjustment Abstract Exposure to adversity during childhood and adolescence predicts adjustment across development. Further, adolescent adjustment problems persist into young adulthood. This study examined relations of contextual adversity with concurrent adolescent adjustment and prospective mental health and health outcomes in young adulthood. A longitudinal sample (N = 808) was followed from age 10 through 27. Perceptions of neighborhood in childhood predicted depression, alcohol use disorders, and HIV risk in young adulthood. Further, the timing of adversity was important in determining the type of problem experienced in adulthood. Youth adjustment predicted adult outcomes, and in some cases, mediated the relation between adversity and outcomes. These findings support the importance of adversity in predicting adjustment and elucidate factors that affect outcomes into young adulthood.

%B J Res Adolesc %V 22 %P 284-300 %8 2012 Jun 1 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00781.x %0 Journal Article %J J Child Fam Stud %D 2012 %T Family intervention to prevent depression and substance use among adolescents of depressed parents %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Fleming, Andrew P %A Casey-Goldstein, Mary %X

Parental depression places offspring at elevated risk for multiple, co-occurring problems. The purpose of this study was to develop and preliminarily evaluate Project Hope, a family intervention for the prevention of both depression and substance use among adolescent-aged children (M = 13.9 years) of depressed parents. The program was created by blending two empirically supported interventions: one for depression and another for substance use. Thirty families were randomly assigned to either Project Hope (n = 16) or a wait-list control condition (n = 14). Pretests, posttests (n = 29), and 5-month follow-ups (n = 28) were conducted separately with parents and youth via phone interviews. Questions asked about the family depression experience, family interactions, family management, coping, adolescent substance use beliefs and refusal skills, adolescent depression, and adolescent substance use. Project Hope was fully developed, manualized, and implemented with a small sample of targeted families. Engagement in the program was relatively high. Preliminary outcome analyses were conducted using 2 (Group) ×3 (Time) analyses of covariance. Results provided some evidence for significant improvements among intervention compared to control participants in indicators of the family depression experience, family management, and coping, and a statistically significant decrease from pretest to posttest in alcohol quantity for intervention compared to control youth. Next steps for this program of research are discussed.

%B J Child Fam Stud %V 21 %P 891-905 %8 2012 Dec 1 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10826-011-9549-x %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2012 %T Predictors and responses to the growth in physical violence during adolescence: a comparison of students in Washington State and Victoria, Australia. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Australia %K Child %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Students %K Victoria %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study investigates patterns in violence over 3 time points in early- to mid-adolescence in 2 statewide representative samples of youth, one in Washington State, USA, and the other in Victoria, Australia. Comparable data collection methods in both states were used to cross-nationally compare patterns of violence, risk factors, and responses to violence (school suspensions and arrests) in 2 policy contexts. Risk factors include early use of alcohol, binge drinking, involvement with antisocial peers, family conflict, poor family management, sensation seeking, and bully victimization. These are modeled as correlates of initial violence and predictors of change in violence over a 3-year period, from ages 12-15, for participating youth. Results suggest that patterns and predictors of violence are mostly similar in the 2 states. Initial levels of violence (age 13) and change over time in violence were associated in both states with more youth school suspensions and more police arrests in Grade 9. Some cross-national differences were also shown. For example, correlations of violence with gender and violence with binge drinking were stronger in Victoria, whereas correlations of violence with early use of alcohol and with antisocial peer involvement were stronger in Washington State. Antisocial peer involvement and family conflict were significant predictors of a gradual increase in violence from Grades 7-9 for youth in Victoria only. Implications are discussed with attention to prevention and intervention efforts.

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 82 %P 41-9 %8 2012 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01139.x %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Early age alcohol use and later alcohol problems in adolescents: Individual and peer mediators in a bi-national study. %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Statistical %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Social Control, Informal %K Students %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

This paper examines whether there is cross-national similarity in the longitudinal relationship between early age alcohol use and adolescent alcohol problems. Potential mechanisms underlying this relationship also are examined, testing adolescent alcohol use, low self-regulation, and peer deviance as possible mediators. Students (N = 1,945) participating in the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal panel survey study, responded to questions on alcohol use and influencing factors, and were followed annually over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2004 (98% retention rate). State-representative, community student samples were recruited in grade 7 in Washington State, United States (US, n = 961, 78% of those eligible; Mage = 13.09, SD = .44) and Victoria, Australia (n = 984, 76% of those eligible; Mage = 12.93, SD = .41). Analyses were conducted using multiple-group structural equation modeling. In both states, early age alcohol use (age 13) had a small but statistically significant association with subsequent alcohol problems (age 15). Overall, there was little evidence for mediation of early alcohol effects. Low self-regulation prospectively predicted peer deviance, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in both states. Peer deviance was more positively related to alcohol use and low self-regulation among students in Victoria compared to students in Washington State. The small but persistent association of early age alcohol use with alcohol problems across both samples is consistent with efforts to delay alcohol initiation to help prevent problematic alcohol use. Self-regulation was an important influence, supporting the need to further investigate the developmental contribution of neurobehavioral disinhibition.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 625-33 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0023320 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T Positive childhood experiences and positive adult functioning: Prosocial continuity and the role of adolescent substance use. %A Kosterman, Rick %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Hawkins, J D %A Spoth, Richard %A Redmond, Cleve %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Child %K Efficiency %K Exercise %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Rural Population %K Social Responsibility %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: To examine positive childhood experiences as predictors of positive adult functioning, including civic involvement, productivity and responsibility, interpersonal connection, and physical exercise; and to examine adolescent substance use as a mediator of prosocial continuity.

METHODS: A total of 429 rural participants were interviewed across seven waves from age 11 to 22 years. Structural equation models examined the relationship between positive childhood experiences and adult functioning, with adolescent substance use added to each model as a possible mediating mechanism.

RESULTS: Positive childhood experiences predicted significantly better adult functioning for each model, even after accounting for adolescent substance use. Positive childhood experiences also consistently predicted significantly less adolescent substance use. In turn, adolescent substance use predicted significantly less civic involvement and less productivity and responsibility, but was not associated with interpersonal connection or physical exercise when accounting for childhood experiences. Results were largely consistent across gender and levels of family income.

CONCLUSION: Findings show the enduring importance of positive childhood experiences in predicting positive functioning in early adulthood. Although adolescent substance use increased risk for poorer functioning in important domains of adult life, results suggest that positive experiences in late childhood continued to have a significant prosocial effect into young adulthood. The study also highlights the late elementary grades as a time when parents, teachers, and others can potentially have a large influence in proactively providing prosocial opportunities for children.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 180-6 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.244 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse %D 2010 %T Alcohol use disorders and depression: Protective factors in the development of unique versus comorbid outcomes %A Mason, W A %A Hawkins, J D %A Kosterman, Rick %A Catalano, Richard F %X

Protective factors for young adult alcohol use disorders, depression, and comorbid alcohol use disorders and depression were examined. Participants were recruited from all fifth-grade students attending 18 Seattle elementary schools. Of the 1,053 students eligible, 808 (77%) agreed to participate. Youth were surveyed when they were 10 years-old in 1985 and followed to age 21 years years in 1996 (95% retention). Protective factors were measured at age 14 years years. Young adult disorders were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Alcohol refusal skills, academic skills, school and family bonding, parental rewards, school rewards, and family cohesion at age 14 years years were associated with decreased risk for comorbidity at age 21 years years.

%B J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse %V 19 %P 309-323 %8 2010 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/1067828X.2010.502491 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2010 %T Effects of childhood conduct problems and family adversity on health, health behaviors, and service use in early adulthood: tests of developmental pathways involving adolescent risk taking and depression. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Kosterman, Rick %A Mason, W A %A Hawkins, J D %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A McCauley, Elizabeth %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Child Development %K Depression %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Services %K Health Status %K Humans %K Male %K Risk-Taking %X

This study examined a developmental, cascade model that includes childhood risks of conduct problems and family adversity at age 10-12; conduct problems, risk taking, and internalizing during adolescence; and adult outcomes of conduct problems, poor health, health risks, depression, and service use at ages 27 and 30. Analyses showed that childhood conduct problems predicted adolescent conduct problems and risk taking, which in turn, predicted adult conduct problems, health risks, depression, and service use. Childhood family adversity predicted adolescent internalizing, a predictor itself of poor health, depression, and service use at age 27. There was considerable continuity in the same adult outcomes measured over a 3-year period, as well as some cross-domain prediction from variables at age 27 to measures at age 30. Developmental patterns found in these data offer implications for future research and prevention.

%B Dev Psychopathol %V 22 %P 655-65 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0954579410000349 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Psychol Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: A comparison of youth from low- versus middle-income backgrounds. %A Mason, W A %A Hitch, Julia E %A Kosterman, Rick %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Child %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sampling Studies %K Social Class %K United States %K Unsafe Sex %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: This study examined adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and risky sex. Analyses further examined the influences of late childhood involvement in these problem behavior outcomes, with mediation through teen delinquency and alcohol use, and examined differences in the pathways for youth from low- compared to middle-income backgrounds.

METHOD: Multiple-group latent growth curve modeling was conducted using data collected from a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to age 24. Self-report assessments included delinquent involvement, alcohol use, and sexual activity in late childhood; delinquency and alcohol use in adolescence; and crime, AUDs, and risky sex in early adulthood.

RESULTS: Late childhood delinquent involvement was associated with young adult crime, AUDs, and risky sex indirectly through adolescent delinquency, and had a persistent direct effect on crime. Adolescent delinquency also mediated the relation between early sex onset and crime. Early alcohol use predicted a higher level of, and a faster rate of increase in, adolescent drinking, which predicted, in turn, young adult AUDs and risky sex. Significant group differences indicated stronger associations between adolescent delinquency and each young adult outcome for youth from low- compared to those from middle-income backgrounds.

CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention may help prevent the development of crime, AUDs, and risky sex behaviors, especially among disadvantaged youth.

%B J Child Psychol Psychiatry %V 51 %P 1377-85 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02292.x