%0 Journal Article %J Inj Prev %D 2015 %T Assessing the accuracy of the International Classification of Diseases codes to identify abusive head trauma: a feasibility study. %A Berger, Rachel P %A Parks, Sharyn %A Fromkin, Janet %A Rubin, Pamela %A Pecora, Peter J %K Brain Injuries %K Child Abuse %K Child, Preschool %K Craniocerebral Trauma %K Feasibility Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K International Classification of Diseases %K Male %K Sensitivity and Specificity %X

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of an International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code-based operational case definition for abusive head trauma (AHT).

METHODS: Subjects were children <5 years of age evaluated for AHT by a hospital-based Child Protection Team (CPT) at a tertiary care paediatric hospital with a completely electronic medical record (EMR) system. Subjects were designated as non-AHT traumatic brain injury (TBI) or AHT based on whether the CPT determined that the injuries were due to AHT. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICD-based definition were calculated.

RESULTS: There were 223 children evaluated for AHT: 117 AHT and 106 non-AHT TBI. The sensitivity and specificity of the ICD-based operational case definition were 92% (95% CI 85.8 to 96.2) and 96% (95% CI 92.3 to 99.7), respectively. All errors in sensitivity and three of the four specificity errors were due to coder error; one specificity error was a physician error.

CONCLUSIONS: In a paediatric tertiary care hospital with an EMR system, the accuracy of an ICD-based case definition for AHT was high. Additional studies are needed to assess the accuracy of this definition in all types of hospitals in which children with AHT are cared for.

%B Inj Prev %V 21 %P e133-7 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N e1 %R 10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040924 %0 Journal Article %J The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care %D 2015 %T Behavioral and Educational Interventions to Support Family Caregivers in End-of-Life Care: A Systematic Review %A N. C. Chi %A G. Demiris %A F. M. Lewis %A A. J. Walker %A S. L. Langer %K Behavior Therapy %K cognitive behavioral therapy %K cognitive psychotherapy %K Education %K end-of-life care %K family caregiver %K hospice care %K Palliative Care %X The demand for family caregivers steadily increases as the number of people receiving hospice and palliative care rises. Family caregivers play a significant role in supporting their loved ones in end-of-life care. However, there is limited evidence about the effectiveness of the interventions for supporting family caregivers. This article synthesizes behavioral and educational interventions that support family caregivers in end-of-life care. A systematic review was conducted and searched interventional studies published between 2004 and 2014 in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and The Cochrane Library electronic databases. Fourteen studies were identified and analyzed: 4 educational studies, 6 cognitive behavioral therapy studies, and 4 psychoeducational studies. All educational and behavioral interventions had developed structures and treatment manuals and improved family caregivers' outcomes. The cognitive behavioral therapy resulted in more positive outcomes than the other 2 interventions. More rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed to replicate current effective interventions with larger and diverse sample. Future studies need to develop tools for assessing family caregivers' needs, create consistent and specific tools to effectively measure family caregivers' outcomes, incorporate a cost-effectiveness analysis, and find the most efficient intervention format and method. %B The American Journal of Hospice & Palliative Care %8 Jul 7 %@ 1938-2715; 1049-9091 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2015 %T Computer-assisted behavioral therapy and contingency management for cannabis use disorder. %A Budney, Alan J %A Stanger, Catherine %A Tilford, J Mick %A Scherer, Emily B %A Brown, Pamela C %A Li, Zhongze %A Li, Zhigang %A Walker, Denise D %K Adult %K Cognitive Therapy %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Middle Aged %K Motivation %K Motivational Interviewing %K Psychotherapy, Brief %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Therapy, Computer-Assisted %K Treatment Outcome %K Young Adult %X

Computer-assisted behavioral treatments hold promise for enhancing access to and reducing costs of treatments for substance use disorders. This study assessed the efficacy of a computer-assisted version of an efficacious, multicomponent treatment for cannabis use disorders (CUD), that is, motivational enhancement therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and abstinence-based contingency-management (MET/CBT/CM). An initial cost comparison was also performed. Seventy-five adult participants, 59% Black, seeking treatment for CUD received either, MET only (BRIEF), therapist-delivered MET/CBT/CM (THERAPIST), or computer-delivered MET/CBT/CM (COMPUTER). During treatment, the THERAPIST and COMPUTER conditions engendered longer durations of continuous cannabis abstinence than BRIEF (p < .05), but did not differ from each other. Abstinence rates and reduction in days of use over time were maintained in COMPUTER at least as well as in THERAPIST. COMPUTER averaged approximately $130 (p < .05) less per case than THERAPIST in therapist costs, which offset most of the costs of CM. Results add to promising findings that illustrate potential for computer-assisted delivery methods to enhance access to evidence-based care, reduce costs, and possibly improve outcomes. The observed maintenance effects and the cost findings require replication in larger clinical trials.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 29 %P 501-11 %8 2015 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/adb0000078 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse Negl %D 2015 %T Life course pathways of adverse childhood experiences toward adult psychological well-being: A stress process analysis. %A Nurius, Paula S %A Green, Sara %A Logan-Greene, Patricia %A Borja, Sharon %K Activities of Daily Living %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Aged %K Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Multivariate Analysis %K Personal Satisfaction %K Regression Analysis %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Washington %X

Growing evidence suggests that toxic stressors early in life not only convey developmental impacts but also augment risk of proliferating chains of additional stressors that can overwhelm individual coping and undermine recovery and health. Examining trauma within a life course stress process perspective, we posit that early childhood adversity carries a unique capacity to impair adult psychological well-being both independent of and cumulative with other contributors, including social disadvantage and stressful adult experiences. This study uses data from a representative population-based health survey (N=13,593) to provide one of the first multivariate assessments of unique, cumulative, and moderated effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) toward explaining 3 related yet distinct measures of adult mental health: perceived well-being, psychological distress, and impaired daily activities. Results demonstrate support for each set of hypothesized associations, including exacerbation and amelioration of ACEs effects by adult stress and resilience resources, respectively. Implications for services and future research are discussed.

%B Child Abuse Negl %V 45 %P 143-53 %8 2015 Jul %G eng %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25846195?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.008 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2015 %T Long-term effects of staying connected with your teen® on drug use frequency at age 20. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

Drug prevention interventions frequently target early adolescents in order to stop or delay initiation of substance use. However, the prevalence and frequency of drug use escalate and then peak during emerging adulthood, making it important to determine whether drug use prevention efforts in adolescence have lasting effects into adulthood. Additionally, given differences in drug use frequency between ethnic groups, intervention effects by race should be examined when possible. This study evaluates the efficacy of a family-focused prevention program, Staying Connected with Your Teen®, delivered to parents and teens in the 8th grade, on family stressors during 9th and 10th grades, 10th-grade drug use (as potential mediators), and drug use frequency at age 20. Families (N = 331; Black = 163, White = 168) were randomly assigned to three conditions: parent-adolescent group-administered (PA), self-administered with telephone support (SA), and no-treatment control (Haggerty et al. Prevention Science, 8: 249-260, 2007). The impact of the intervention was assessed using latent variable structural equation models. Age 20 drug use frequency was significantly higher among Whites than Blacks as expected. The PA intervention had direct effects on reducing drug use frequency for both Blacks and Whites. The SA intervention had an impact on family stressors during adolescence for Whites, but not for Blacks. Results suggest that both formats for delivery were modestly efficacious for Whites, but only direct delivery was modestly efficacious for Blacks. Given the substantial savings in cost of the self-administered program over the group-administered format, improving the efficacy of self-administered programming for Blacks is recommended.

%B Prev Sci %V 16 %P 538-49 %8 2015 May %G eng %N 4 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25428694?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s11121-014-0525-8 %0 Journal Article %J J Subst Abuse Treat %D 2015 %T Maintenance Check-ups Following Treatment for Cannabis Dependence. %A Walker, Denise D %A Stephens, Robert S %A Towe, Sheri %A Banes, Kelsey %A Roffman, Roger %K Adult %K Cognitive Therapy %K Continuity of Patient Care %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Middle Aged %K Motivational Interviewing %K Random Allocation %K Treatment Outcome %X

Substance use disorders, including cannabis use disorders and associated negative consequences, are best considered chronic and in need of continuing care. In contrast, most treatment efficacy studies evaluate a fixed number of intervention sessions at a single point in time. The present study evaluated the efficacy of posttreatment maintenance check-ups (MCUs) in maintaining and improving outcomes following nine sessions of motivational enhancement treatment/cognitive behavioral treatment (MET/CBT). Adults dependent on cannabis (n=74) were randomly assigned to the MCU or a no check-up (NCU) condition and followed up at 3- and 9-months. MCU sessions occurred 1 and 4months following the completion of the base treatment. Additional MET/CBT sessions were available to participants throughout the follow-up period. The MCUs specifically encouraged treatment re-entry for those showing ongoing signs of disorder. Participants in the MCU condition reported significantly greater abstinent rates at both follow-ups and were using on fewer days at the 3-month but not the 9-month follow-up. Contrary to hypotheses, MCU participants did not attend more additional treatment and differences in rates of cannabis use emerged prior to the first MCU session. Future research with longer follow-up periods and longer monitoring of outcomes is needed to fully evaluate the utility of MCUs or other forms of continuing care.

%B J Subst Abuse Treat %V 56 %P 11-5 %8 2015 Sep %G eng %R 10.1016/j.jsat.2015.03.006 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2015 %T Predictors of participation in parenting workshops for improving adolescent behavioral and mental health: Results from the Common Sense Parenting trial. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Fernandez, Kate %A Casey-Goldstein, Mary %A Oats, Robert G %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Ethnic Groups %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Health %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Parents %K Poverty Areas %K Program Evaluation %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Social Class %K Washington %X

Engaging and retaining participants are crucial to achieving adequate implementation of parenting interventions designed to prevent problem behaviors among children and adolescents. This study examined predictors of engagement and retention in a group-based family intervention across two versions of the program: a standard version requiring only parent attendance for six sessions and an adapted version with two additional sessions that required attendance by the son or daughter. Families included a parent and an eighth grader who attended one of five high-poverty schools in an urban Pacific Northwest school district. The adapted version of the intervention had a higher rate of engagement than the standard version, a difference that was statistically significant after adjusting for other variables assessed at enrollment in the study. Higher household income and parent education, younger student age, and poorer affective quality in the parent-child relationship predicted greater likelihood of initial attendance. In the adapted version of the intervention, parents of boys were more likely to engage with the program than those of girls. The variables considered did not strongly predict retention, although retention was higher among parents of boys. Retention did not significantly differ between conditions. Asking for child attendance at workshops may have increased engagement in the intervention, while findings for other predictors of attendance point to the need for added efforts to recruit families who have less socioeconomic resources, as well as families who perceive they have less need for services.

%B J Prim Prev %V 36 %P 105-18 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 2 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25656381?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1007/s10935-015-0386-3 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Use Misuse %D 2015 %T Washington State recreational marijuana legalization: parent and adolescent perceptions, knowledge, and discussions in a sample of low-income families. %A Mason, W A %A Hanson, Koren %A Fleming, Charles B %A Ringle, Jay L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Family %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Knowledge %K Male %K Marijuana Smoking %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Perception %K Poverty %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: In November 2012, Washington State and Colorado became the first states in the United States to legalize recreational marijuana use for adults, and Uruguay became the first country to allow the cultivation, distribution, possession, and use of marijuana. One possible consequence of these changes is increased adolescent marijuana use. Parents may mitigate this adverse consequence; however, whether parents and adolescents have accurate knowledge about the laws and are discussing marijuana use in light of the law changes is unknown.

OBJECTIVE: We examine perceptions, knowledge, and parent-child discussions about Washington State's recreational marijuana law in a sample of low-income families.

METHODS: Participants were a subset of families (n = 115) in an ongoing study that originally recruited parents and adolescents from middle schools in Tacoma, Washington. In summer 2013, when students were entering the 11(th) grade, students and their parents were asked questions about the recreational marijuana law.

RESULTS: Participants perceived that their marijuana-related attitudes and behaviors changed little as a result of the law, and displayed uncertainty about what is legal and illegal. Most parents reported discussing the new law with their children but only occasionally, and conversations emphasized household rules, particularly among parent lifetime marijuana users compared to non-users. Conclusions/Importance: Results suggest that there should be a public health campaign focused on families that provides clear information about the recreational marijuana laws.

%B Subst Use Misuse %V 50 %P 541-5 %8 2015 Apr %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25671633?dopt=Abstract %R 10.3109/10826084.2014.952447 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2014 %T Adolescent predictors and environmental correlates of young adult alcohol use problems. %A Toumbourou, John W %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Smith, Rachel %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Social Environment %K Street Drugs %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Workplace %K Young Adult %X

AIMS: To examine the rates of young adult alcohol and drug use and alcohol problems, adolescent predictors of young adult alcohol problems and correlations with young adult social, work and recreational environments.

DESIGN: Adolescents were followed longitudinally into young adulthood. Predictors were measured in grade 9 (average age 15), and environmental correlates and outcomes in young adulthood (average age 21).

SETTING: Students recruited in Victoria, Australia in 2002, were resurveyed in 2010/11.

PARTICIPANTS: Analytical n=2309, 80% retention.

MEASUREMENTS: Adolescent self-report predictors included past-month alcohol use. Young adults completed the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) together with reports of environmental influences.

FINDINGS: Comparisons to United States national school graduate samples revealed higher rates of alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use (other than cannabis) in Victoria. For example, rates of past month use at age 21-22 were: alcohol 69.3% US versus 84.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 81.3-88.6% Victoria; illicit drugs (other than cannabis) 8.8 versus 12.7%, CI 9.7-15.7%. AUDIT alcohol problems (scored 8+) were identified for 41.2%, CI 38.8-43.6% of young adults in Victoria. The likelihood of young adult alcohol problems was higher for frequent adolescent alcohol users and those exposed to environments characterized by high alcohol use and problems in young adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS: High rates of alcohol problems are evident in more than two in five Australian young adults, and these problems appear to be influenced both by earlier patterns of adolescent alcohol use and by young adult social, work and recreational environments.

%B Addiction %V 109 %P 417-24 %8 2014 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1111/add.12401 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2014 %T Alcohol intoxication and condom use self-efficacy effects on women's condom use intentions. %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Masters, N Tatiana %A Eakins, Danielle %A Danube, Cinnamon L %A George, William H %A Norris, Jeanette %A Heiman, Julia R %K Adult %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Central Nervous System Depressants %K Condoms %K Decision Making %K Ethanol %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Intention %K Safe Sex %K Self Efficacy %K Women %K Young Adult %X

Although research has consistently demonstrated that condom use self-efficacy significantly predicts condom use, there has been little investigation of whether acute alcohol intoxication moderates this relationship. Because alcohol intoxication is often associated with increased sexual risk taking, further examination of such moderating effects is warranted. Using a community sample of young heterosexual women (n=436) with a history of heavy episodic drinking, this alcohol administration experiment examined the effects of intoxication and condom use self-efficacy on women's condom negotiation and future condom use intentions. After a questionnaire session, alcohol condition (control, .10% target peak BAL) was experimentally manipulated between subjects. Participants then read and responded to a hypothetical risky sexual decision-making scenario. SEM analyses revealed that alcohol intoxication directly decreased women's intentions to use condoms in the future. Women with greater condom use self-efficacy had stronger intentions to engage in condom negotiation; however, this effect was moderated by intoxication. Specifically, the association between condom use self-efficacy and condom negotiation intentions was stronger for intoxicated women than for sober women. These novel findings regarding the synergistic effects of alcohol intoxication and condom use self-efficacy support continued prevention efforts aimed at strengthening women's condom use self-efficacy, which may reduce even those sexual risk decisions made during states of intoxication.

%B Addict Behav %V 39 %P 153-8 %8 2014 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.09.019 %0 Journal Article %J Clin J Pain %D 2014 %T Cognitive mediators of treatment outcomes in pediatric functional abdominal pain. %A Levy, Rona L %A Langer, Shelby L %A Romano, Joan M %A Labus, Jennifer %A Walker, Lynn S %A Murphy, Tasha B %A Tilburg, Miranda A L van %A Feld, Lauren D %A Christie, Dennis L %A Whitehead, William E %K Abdominal Pain %K Adolescent %K Catastrophization %K Child %K Cognitive Therapy %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Pain Measurement %K Parents %K Pediatrics %K Treatment Outcome %X

OBJECTIVES: Cognitive-behavioral (CB) interventions improve outcomes for many pediatric health conditions, but little is known about which mechanisms mediate these outcomes. The goal of this study was to identify whether changes in targeted process variables from baseline to 1 week posttreatment mediate improvement in outcomes in a randomized controlled trial of a brief CB intervention for idiopathic childhood abdominal pain.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two hundred children with persistent functional abdominal pain and their parents were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 conditions: a 3-session social learning and CB treatment (N=100), or a 3-session educational intervention controlling for time and attention (N=100). Outcomes were assessed at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-ups. The intervention focused on altering parental responses to pain and on increasing adaptive cognitions and coping strategies related to pain in both parents and children.

RESULTS: Multiple mediation analyses were applied to examine the extent to which the effects of the social learning and CB treatment condition on child gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity and pain as reported by children and their parents were mediated by changes in targeted cognitive process variables and parents' solicitous responses to their child's pain symptoms. Reductions in parents' perceived threat regarding their child's pain mediated reductions in both parent-reported and child-reported GI symptom severity and pain. Reductions in children's catastrophic cognitions mediated reductions in child-reported GI symptom severity but no other outcomes. Reductions in parental solicitousness did not mediate outcomes.

DISCUSSION: Results suggest that reductions in reports of children's pain and GI symptoms after a social learning and CB intervention were mediated at least in part by decreasing maladaptive parent and child cognitions.

%B Clin J Pain %V 30 %P 1033-43 %8 2014 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000077 %0 Journal Article %J Int Urogynecol J %D 2014 %T Cost effectiveness of radiofrequency microremodeling for stress urinary incontinence. %A Sand, Peter K %A Owens, Gary M %A Black, Edward J %A Anderson, Louise H %A Martinson, Melissa S %K Female %K Humans %K Models, Economic %K Radio Waves %K Urinary Incontinence, Stress %X

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common and growing problem among adult women and affects individuals and society through decreased quality of life (QoL), decreased work productivity, and increased health care costs. A new, nonsurgical treatment option has become available for women who have failed conservative therapy, but its cost effectiveness has not been evaluated. This study examined the cost effectiveness of transurethral radiofrequency microremodeling of the female bladder neck and proximal urethra compared with synthetic transobturator tape (TOT), retropubic transvaginal tape (TVT) sling, and Burch colposuspension surgeries for treating SUI.

METHODS: A Markov model was used to compare the cost effectiveness of five strategies for treating SUI for patients who had previously failed conservative therapy. The strategies were designed to compare the value of starting with a less invasive treatment. The cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from the health care system perspective. Efficacy and adverse event rates were obtained from the literature; reimbursement costs were based on Medicare fee schedule. The model cycle was 3 months, with a 3-year time horizon. Single-variable sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess stability of base-case results.

RESULTS: Two of the five strategies employed the use of transurethral radiofrequency microremodeling and achieved 17-30 % lower mean costs relative to their comparative sling or Burch strategies.

CONCLUSIONS: Superior safety and cost effectiveness are recognized when patients are offered a sequential approach to SUI management that employs transurethral radiofrequency microremodeling before invasive surgical procedures. This sequential approach is consistent with treatment strategies for other conditions and offers a solution for women with SUI who want to avoid the inherent risks and costs of invasive continence surgery.

%B Int Urogynecol J %V 25 %P 517-23 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s00192-013-2230-8 %0 Journal Article %J J Subst Abuse Treat %D 2014 %T Disseminating contingency management: impacts of staff training and implementation at an opiate treatment program. %A Hartzler, Bryan %A Jackson, T Ron %A Jones, Brinn E %A Beadnell, Blair %A Calsyn, Donald A %K Aged %K Clinical Competence %K Cooperative Behavior %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Feasibility Studies %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Program Development %K Program Evaluation %K Substance Abuse Treatment Centers %X

Guided by a comprehensive implementation model, this study examined training/implementation processes for a tailored contingency management (CM) intervention instituted at a Clinical Trials Network-affiliate opioid treatment program (OTP). Staff-level training outcomes (intervention delivery skill, knowledge, and adoption readiness) were assessed before and after a 16-hour training, and again following a 90-day trial implementation period. Management-level implementation outcomes (intervention cost, feasibility, and sustainability) were assessed at study conclusion in a qualitative interview with OTP management. Intervention effectiveness was also assessed via independent chart review of trial CM implementation vs. a historical control period. Results included: 1) robust, durable increases in delivery skill, knowledge, and adoption readiness among trained staff; 2) positive managerial perspectives of intervention cost, feasibility, and sustainability; and 3) significant clinical impacts on targeted patient indices. Collective results offer support for the study's collaborative intervention design and the applied, skills-based focus of staff training processes. Implications for CM dissemination are discussed.

%B J Subst Abuse Treat %V 46 %P 429-38 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jsat.2013.12.007 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Health Care %D 2014 %T Distinct contributions of adverse childhood experiences and resilience resources: a cohort analysis of adult physical and mental health. %A Logan-Greene, Patricia %A Green, Sara %A Nurius, Paula S %A Longhi, Dario %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Distribution %K Aged %K Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System %K Child Abuse %K Cohort Studies %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Regression Analysis %K Resilience, Psychological %K Self Concept %K Stress, Psychological %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

Although evidence is rapidly amassing as to the damaging potential of early life adversities on physical and mental health, as yet few investigations provide comparative snapshots of these patterns across adulthood. This population-based study addresses this gap, examining the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) to physical and mental health within a representative sample (n = 19,333) of adults, comparing the prevalence and explanatory strength of ACEs among four birth cohorts spanning ages 18-79. This assessment accounts for demographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as both direct and moderating effects of resilience resources (social/emotional support, life satisfaction, and sleep quality). Findings demonstrate (1) increasing trends of reported ACEs across younger cohorts, including time period shifts such as more prevalent family incarceration, substance abuse, and divorce, (2) significant bivariate as well as independent associations of ACEs with poor health within every cohort, controlling for multiple covariates (increasing trends in older age for physical health), and (3) robust patterns wherein resilience resources moderated ACEs, indicating buffering pathways that sustained into old age. Theoretical and practice implications for health professionals are discussed.

%B Soc Work Health Care %V 53 %P 776-97 %8 2014 %G eng %N 8 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255340?dopt=Abstract %R 10.1080/00981389.2014.944251 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Engagement matters: lessons from assessing classroom implementation of steps to respect: a bullying prevention program over a one-year period. %A Low, Sabina %A Van Ryzin, Mark J %A Brown, Eric C %A Smith, Brian H %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Altruism %K Bullying %K Curriculum %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Faculty %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Primary Prevention %K Program Evaluation %K Schools %K Students %K United States %K Violence %X

Steps to Respect: A Bullying Prevention Program (STR) relies on a social-ecological model of prevention to increase school staff awareness and responsiveness, foster socially responsible beliefs among students, and teach social-emotional skills to students to reduce bullying behavior. As part of a school-randomized controlled trial of STR, we examined predictors and outcomes associated with classroom curriculum implementation in intervention schools. Data on classroom implementation (adherence and engagement) were collected from a sample of teachers using a weekly on-line Teacher Implementation Checklist system. Pre-post data related to school bullying-related outcomes were collected from 1,424 students and archival school demographic data were obtained from the National Center for Education Statistics. Results of multilevel analyses indicated that higher levels of program engagement were influenced by school-level percentage of students receiving free/reduced lunch, as well as classroom-level climate indicators. Results also suggest that higher levels of program engagement were related to lower levels of school bullying problems, enhanced school climate and attitudes less supportive of bullying. Predictors and outcomes related to program fidelity (i.e., adherence) were largely nonsignificant. Results suggest that student engagement is a key element of program impact, though implementation is influenced by both school-level demographics and classroom contexts.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 165-76 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0359-1 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2014 %T Exploring heavy drinking patterns among black and white young adults. %A Klima, Tali %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Crutchfield, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Young Adult %X

UNLABELLED: ABSTRACT.

OBJECTIVE: This investigation examined patterns of heavy drinking among Black and White young adults from a person-centered perspective and linked family and individual factors in adolescence to young adult drinking patterns.

METHOD: The analysis focuses on 331 10th-grade students (168 Whites, 163 Blacks; 51% males) who were followed into young adulthood (ages 20 and 22). Cluster analyses using heavy episodic drinking, drunkenness, and alcohol problems in young adulthood resulted in groups of drinkers with different patterns. Groups were examined across and within race. Associations between young adult drinking groups and adolescent family and individual factors were tested.

RESULTS: Groups followed well-established race differences, with Whites clustering into frequent drinking groups more than Blacks, and Blacks clustering into non-heavy drinking groups more than Whites. Further, Black heavy drinkers reported fewer alcohol problems than White counterparts. Parental monitoring, consistent discipline, ethnic identity, and delinquency were associated with adult heavy episodic drinking groups for both races. Monitoring and delinquency, along with parental norms, were associated with drunkenness groups for both races. However, race differences were observed for drunkenness clusters such that attachment was predictive for White clusters, and parental guidelines and discipline were predictive for Black clusters.

CONCLUSIONS: Large race differences in heavy drinking at young adulthood were confirmed. Family dynamics in 10th grade were identified as important for the development of different drinking patterns in the early 20s, when many individuals have left home, which suggests a key target for substance use prevention programs. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 75, 839-849, 2014).

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 75 %P 839-49 %8 2014 Sep %G eng %N 5 %1 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25208202?dopt=Abstract %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T A framework for testing and promoting expanded dissemination of promising preventive interventions that are being implemented in community settings. %A Mason, W A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Thompson, Ronald W %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Snyder, James J %K Diffusion of Innovation %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Program Development %K Registries %K United States %X

Many evidence-based preventive interventions have been developed in recent years, but few are widely used. With the current focus on efficacy trials, widespread dissemination and implementation of evidence-based interventions are often afterthoughts. One potential strategy for reversing this trend is to find a promising program with a strong delivery vehicle in place and improve and test the program's efficacy through rigorous evaluation. If the program is supported by evidence, the dissemination vehicle is already in place and potentially can be expanded. This strategy has been used infrequently and has met with limited success to date, in part, because the field lacks a framework for guiding such research. To address this gap, we outline a framework for moving promising preventive interventions that are currently being implemented in community settings through a process of rigorous testing and, if needed, program modification in order to promote expanded dissemination. The framework is guided by RE-AIM (Reach, Efficacy/Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance) (Glasgow et al., Am J Publ Health 89:1322-1327, 1999), which focuses attention on external as well as internal validity in program tests, and is illustrated with examples. Challenges, such as responding to negative and null results, and opportunities inherent in the framework are discussed.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 674-83 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0409-3 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2014 %T General and substance-specific predictors of young adult nicotine dependence, alcohol use disorder, and problem behavior: replication in two samples. %A Bailey, J A %A Samek, D R %A Keyes, M A %A Hill, K G %A Hicks, B M %A McGue, M %A Iacono, W G %A Epstein, M %A Catalano, R F %A Haggerty, K P %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Family Health %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Minnesota %K Northwestern United States %K Risk Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Tobacco Use Disorder %K Twins %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: This paper presents two replications of a heuristic model for measuring environment in studies of gene-environment interplay in the etiology of young adult problem behaviors.

METHODS: Data were drawn from two longitudinal, U.S. studies of the etiology of substance use and related behaviors: the Raising Healthy Children study (RHC; N=1040, 47% female) and the Minnesota Twin Family Study (MTFS; N=1512, 50% female). RHC included a Pacific Northwest, school-based, community sample. MTFS included twins identified from state birth records in Minnesota. Both studies included commensurate measures of general family environment and family substance-specific environments in adolescence (RHC ages 10-18; MTFS age 18), as well as young adult nicotine dependence, alcohol and illicit drug use disorders, HIV sexual risk behavior, and antisocial behavior (RHC ages 24, 25; MTFS age 25).

RESULTS: Results from the two samples were highly consistent and largely supported the heuristic model proposed by Bailey et al. (2011). Adolescent general family environment, family smoking environment, and family drinking environment predicted shared variance in problem behaviors in young adulthood. Family smoking environment predicted unique variance in young adult nicotine dependence. Family drinking environment did not appear to predict unique variance in young adult alcohol use disorder.

CONCLUSIONS: Organizing environmental predictors and outcomes into general and substance-specific measures provides a useful way forward in modeling complex environments and phenotypes. Results suggest that programs aimed at preventing young adult problem behaviors should target general family environment and family smoking and drinking environments in adolescence.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 138 %P 161-8 %8 2014 May 1 %G eng %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.023 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2014 %T Long-term consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning. %A Gilman, Amanda B %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Child %K Crime %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Health %K Peer Group %K Public Assistance %K Risk Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Violence %X

OBJECTIVES: We examined the possible public health consequences of adolescent gang membership for adult functioning.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal study focusing on the development of positive and problem outcomes. Using propensity score matching and logistic regression analyses, we assessed the effects of adolescent gang membership on illegal behavior, educational and occupational attainment, and physical and mental health at the ages of 27, 30, and 33 years.

RESULTS: In comparison with their nongang peers, who had been matched on 23 confounding risk variables known to be related to selection into gang membership, those who had joined a gang in adolescence had poorer outcomes in multiple areas of adult functioning, including higher rates of self-reported crime, receipt of illegal income, incarceration, drug abuse or dependence, poor general health, and welfare receipt and lower rates of high school graduation.

CONCLUSIONS: The finding that adolescent gang membership has significant consequences in adulthood beyond criminal behavior indicates the public health importance of the development of effective gang prevention programs.

%B Am J Public Health %V 104 %P 938-45 %8 2014 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301821 %0 Journal Article %J Chem Biol %D 2014 %T Metal-induced isomerization yields an intracellular chelator that disrupts bacterial iron homeostasis. %A Falconer, Shannon B %A Wang, Wenliang %A Gehrke, Sebastian S %A Cuneo, Jessica D %A Britten, James F %A Wright, Gerard D %A Brown, Eric D %K Anti-Bacterial Agents %K Bacterial Proteins %K Benzopyrans %K Crystallography, X-Ray %K Dose-Response Relationship, Drug %K Drug Evaluation, Preclinical %K Escherichia coli %K High-Throughput Screening Assays %K Homeostasis %K Indoles %K Iron %K Iron Chelating Agents %K Organometallic Compounds %K Small Molecule Libraries %K Spiro Compounds %K Stereoisomerism %K Structure-Activity Relationship %K Thiadiazoles %K Transcription Factors %K Transition Elements %X

The dwindling supply of antibiotics that remain effective against drug-resistant bacterial pathogens has precipitated efforts to identify new compounds that inhibit bacterial growth using untapped mechanisms of action. Here, we report both (1) a high-throughput screening methodology designed to discover chemical perturbants of the essential, yet unexploited, process of bacterial iron homeostasis, and (2) our findings from a small-molecule screen of more than 30,000 diverse small molecules that led to the identification and characterization of two spiro-indoline-thiadiazoles that disrupt iron homeostasis in bacteria. We show that these compounds are intracellular chelators with the capacity to exist in two isomeric states. Notably, these spiroheterocyles undergo a transition to an open merocyanine chelating form with antibacterial activity that is specifically induced in the presence of its transition-metal target.

%B Chem Biol %V 21 %P 136-45 %8 2014 Jan 16 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.chembiol.2013.11.007 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T The onset of STI diagnosis through age 30: results from the Seattle Social Development Project Intervention. %A Hill, Karl G %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %A Kosterman, Rick %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Parent-Child Relations %K Risk-Taking %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Social Adjustment %K Unsafe Sex %K Urban Population %K Washington %X

The objectives of this study were to examine (1) whether the onset of sexually transmitted infections (STI) through age 30 differed for youths who received a social developmental intervention during elementary grades compared to those in the control condition; (2) potential social-developmental mediators of this intervention; and (3) the extent to which these results differed by ethnicity. A nonrandomized controlled trial followed participants to age 30, 18 years after the intervention ended. Three intervention conditions were compared: a full-intervention group, assigned to intervention in grades 1 through 6; a late intervention group, assigned to intervention in grades 5 and 6 only; and a no-treatment control group. Eighteen public elementary schools serving diverse neighborhoods including high-crime neighborhoods of Seattle are the setting of the study. Six hundred eight participants in three intervention conditions were interviewed from age 10 through 30. Interventions include teacher training in classroom instruction and management, child social and emotional skill development, and parent workshops. Outcome is the cumulative onset of participant report of STI diagnosis. Adolescent family environment, bonding to school, antisocial peer affiliation, early sex initiation, alcohol use, cigarette use, and marijuana use were tested as potential intervention mechanisms. Complementary log-log survival analysis found significantly lower odds of STI onset for the full-intervention compared to the control condition. The lowering of STI onset risk was significantly greater for African Americans and Asian Americans compared to European Americans. Family environment, school bonding, and delayed initiation of sexual behavior mediated the relationship between treatment and STI hazard. A universal intervention for urban elementary school children, focused on classroom management and instruction, children's social competence, and parenting practices may reduce the onset of STI through age 30, especially for African Americans.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 Suppl 1 %P S19-32 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0382-x %0 Journal Article %J Gerontologist %D 2014 %T Physical and mental health of transgender older adults: an at-risk and underserved population. %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Cook-Daniels, Loree %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Erosheva, Elena A %A Emlet, Charles A %A Hoy-Ellis, Charles P %A Goldsen, Jayn %A Muraco, Anna %K Data Collection %K Health Status %K Humans %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Risk Factors %K Transgender Persons %K Vulnerable Populations %X

PURPOSE: This study is one of the first to examine the physical and mental health of transgender older adults and to identify modifiable factors that account for health risks in this underserved population.

DESIGN AND METHODS: Utilizing data from a cross-sectional survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender older adults aged 50 and older (N = 2,560), we assessed direct and indirect effects of gender identity on 4 health outcomes (physical health, disability, depressive symptomatology, and perceived stress) based on a resilience conceptual framework.

RESULTS: Transgender older adults were at significantly higher risk of poor physical health, disability, depressive symptomatology, and perceived stress compared with nontransgender participants. We found significant indirect effects of gender identity on the health outcomes via fear of accessing health services, lack of physical activity, internalized stigma, victimization, and lack of social support; other mediators included obesity for physical health and disability, identity concealment for perceived stress, and community belonging for depressive symptomatology and perceived stress. Further analyses revealed that risk factors (victimization and stigma) explained the highest proportion of the total effect of gender identity on health outcomes.

IMPLICATIONS: The study identifies important modifiable factors (stigma, victimization, health-related behaviors, and social support) associated with health among transgender older adults. Reducing stigma and victimization and including gender identity in nondiscrimination and hate crime statutes are important steps to reduce health risks. Attention to bolstering individual and community-level social support must be considered when developing tailored interventions to address transgender older adults' distinct health and aging needs.

%B Gerontologist %V 54 %P 488-500 %8 2014 Jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1093/geront/gnt021 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2014 %T Place and sexual partnership transition among young American Indian and Alaska native women. %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Cassels, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Alaska %K Condoms %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Interpersonal Relations %K Life Style %K Population Surveillance %K Psychosexual Development %K Risk-Taking %K Self Efficacy %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Social Behavior %K Social Class %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Multiple challenges expose American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women to high-risk sexual partnerships and increased risk for HIV/STI. Using a unique sample of sexually-active young AIAN women (n = 129), we examined characteristics of last three partners and whether transitional partnerships were associated with different risk profiles, including where partners met, lived, and had sex. Respondents were more likely to have met their previous or current secondary partner (P2) at a friend's or family setting (versus work or social setting) (AOR = 3.92; 95 % CI 1.31, 11.70). Condom use was less likely when meeting a partner at friend's or family settings (AOR = 0.17; 95 % CI 0.05, 0.59). Sexual intercourse with P2 (compared to P1) usually took place in "riskier" settings such as a car, bar, or outside (AOR = 4.15; 95 % CI 1.59, 10.68). Perceived "safe" places, e.g., friend's or family's house, were identified with risky behaviors; thus, homogeneous messaging campaigns may promote a false sense of safety.

%B AIDS Behav %V 18 %P 1443-53 %8 2014 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1007/s10461-013-0667-x %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Prevalence and community variation in harmful levels of family conflict witnessed by children: implications for prevention. %A Habib, Cherine %A Toumbourou, John W %A McRitchie, Martin %A Williams, Joanne %A Kremer, Peter %A McKenzie, Dean %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Australia %K Child %K Depression %K Family Conflict %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Children's reports of high family conflict consistently predict poor outcomes. The study identified criteria for high family conflict based on prospective prediction of increased risk for childhood depression. These criteria were subsequently used to establish the prevalence of high family conflict in Australian communities and to identify community correlates suitable for targeting prevention programs. Study 1 utilised a longitudinal design. Grade 6 and 8 students completed a family conflict scale (from the widely used Communities That Care survey) in 2003 and depression symptomotology were evaluated at a 1-year follow-up (International Youth Development Study, N = 1,798). Receiver-operating characteristic analysis yielded a cut-off point on a family conflict score with depression symptomatology as a criterion variable. A cut-off score of 2.5 or more (on a scale of 1 to 4) correctly identified 69 % with depression symptomology, with a specificity of 77.2 % and sensitivity at 44.3 %. Study 2 used data from an Australian national survey of Grade 6 and 8 children (Healthy Neighbourhoods Study, N = 8,256). Prevalence estimates were calculated, and multivariate logistic regression with multi-level modelling was used to establish factors associated with community variation in family conflict levels. Thirty-three percent of Australian children in 2006 were exposed to levels of family conflict that are likely to increase their future risk for depression. Significant community correlates for elevated family conflict included Indigenous Australian identification, socioeconomic disadvantage, urban and state location, maternal absence and paternal unemployment. The analysis provides indicators for targeting family-level mental health promotion programs.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 757-66 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0416-4 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Prevention system mediation of Communities That Care effects on youth outcomes %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Shapiro, Valerie B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Arthur, Michael W %A Briney, John S %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Negotiating %K Residence Characteristics %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

This study examined whether the significant intervention effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on youth problem behaviors observed in a panel of eighth-grade students (Hawkins et al. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163:789-798 2009) were mediated by community-level prevention system constructs posited in the CTC theory of change. Potential prevention system constructs included the community's degree of (a) adoption of a science-based approach to prevention, (b) collaboration on prevention activities, (c) support for prevention, and (d) norms against adolescent drug use as reported by key community leaders in 24 communities. Higher levels of community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and support for prevention in 2004 predicted significantly lower levels of youth problem behaviors in 2007, and higher levels of community norms against adolescent drug use predicted lower levels of youth drug use in 2007. Effects of the CTC intervention on youth problem behaviors by the end of eighth grade were mediated fully by community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention. No other significant mediated effects were found. Results support CTC's theory of change that encourages communities to adopt a science-based approach to prevention as a primary mechanism for improving youth outcomes.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 623-32 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0413-7 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2014 %T Prospective predictors of unprotected anal intercourse among HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men initiating antiretroviral therapy. %A Pantalone, David W %A Huh, David %A Nelson, Kimberly M %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Simoni, Jane M %K Adult %K Anti-HIV Agents %K Drug Administration Schedule %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K HIV Infections %K HIV Seropositivity %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Latin America %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prospective Studies %K Sexual Behavior %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Unsafe Sex %K Vulnerable Populations %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

Contemporary HIV prevention efforts are increasingly focused on those already living with HIV/AIDS (i.e., "prevention with positives"). Key to these initiatives is research identifying the most risky behavioral targets. Using a longitudinal design, we examined socio-demographic and psychosocial factors that prospectively predicted unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in a sample of 134 HIV-seropositive men who have sex with men (MSM) initiating, changing, or re-starting an antiretroviral therapy regimen as part of a behavioral intervention study. Computer-based questionnaires were given at baseline and 6 months. In a sequential logistic regression, baseline measures of UAI (step 1), socio-demographic factors such as Latino ethnicity (step 2), and psychosocial factors such as crystal methamphetamine use, greater life stress, and lower trait anxiety (step 3) were predictors of UAI at 6 months. Problem drinking was not a significant predictor. Prevention efforts among MSM living with HIV/AIDS might focus on multiple psychosocial targets, like decreasing their crystal methamphetamine use and teaching coping skills to deal with life stress.

%B AIDS Behav %V 18 %P 78-87 %8 2014 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s10461-013-0477-1 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2014 %T A qualitative examination of men's condom use attitudes and resistance: "it's just part of the game". %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Schraufnagel, Trevor J %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %A Gilmore, Amanda K %A Norris, Jeanette %A George, William H %K Adult %K Condoms %K Female %K Focus Groups %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Male %K Qualitative Research %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Unsafe Sex %X

The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability in young heterosexual men's perceptions of the advantages and disadvantages of condom use in their casual sexual relationships. Because men who perceive greater disadvantages of condom use may be more likely to resist using them, we also explored the tactics that men employ to avoid using condoms. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with single men who have sex with women (n = 60), aged 21-35 years, all of whom reported using condoms inconsistently. Transcripts were analyzed using a framework analysis approach. As expected, participants reported advantages and disadvantages to condom use that pertained to the likelihood and quality of sex, physical sensations during intercourse, and the risk of sexually transmitted infections and unwanted pregnancies. Within each of these topics, however, participants' appraisals of the relative pros and cons of condom use varied considerably. Additionally, participants reported that men use a wide range of condom use resistance tactics, including seduction, deception, and condom sabotage, and that the use of these tactics was viewed as normative behavior for men their age. These findings suggest that the effectiveness of sexual health prevention efforts could be enhanced by increasing young men's motivations to use condoms and by targeting social norms regarding condom use resistance. Additionally, the issue of men's condom use resistance clearly merits increased empirical investigation and intervention attention.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 43 %P 631-43 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1007/s10508-013-0150-9 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Community Psychol %D 2014 %T Racial/ethnic identity and subjective physical and mental health of Latino Americans: an asset within? %A Ai, Amy L %A Aisenberg, Eugene %A Weiss, Saskia I %A Salazar, Dulny %K Acculturation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Female %K Health Status %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Religion %K Self Concept %K Social Identification %K Social Support %K Young Adult %X

Social Identity Theory indicates that ethnic identity could benefit minority members in a society because of its promotion of a sense of belonging, or of its buffering of the damage of discrimination. Despite growing investigation about Latinos' overall health, few studies have simultaneously examined the influence of multiple cultural strength factors, especially racial/ethnic identity, social support, and religious attendance, on these outcomes. Using the National Latino and Asian American Study, we examine the potential predictive value of these cultural strength factors on Latinos' Self-Rated Mental and Physical Health (SRMH and SRPH). Two separate two-step regression models revealed significant positive effects of racial/ethnic identity on both mental and physical health of Latinos, above and beyond the effect of known demographic and acculturation factors, such as discrimination. Religious attendance had a positive effect on SRMH but not on SRPH. The deteriorating roles of discrimination, in mental health only, and that of Length in the US in both outcomes, however, was primarily not altered by entry of these cultural strength factors. The independent direct effect of racial/ethnic identity among Latinos nationwide may suggest that this cultural strength is an internalized protective asset. Longitudinal data is needed to explore its underlying mechanism and long-term impact.

%B Am J Community Psychol %V 53 %P 173-84 %8 2014 Mar %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1007/s10464-014-9635-5 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Research priorities for economic analyses of prevention: Current issues and future directions. %A Crowley, D M %A Hill, L G %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Jones, Damon E %K Biomedical Research %K Congresses as Topic %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Preventive Medicine %X

In response to growing interest in economic analyses of prevention efforts, a diverse group of prevention researchers, economists, and policy analysts convened a scientific panel, on "Research Priorities in Economic Analysis of Prevention" at the 19th annual conference of the Society for Prevention Research. The panel articulated four priorities that, if followed in future research, would make economic analyses of prevention efforts easier to compare and more relevant to policymakers and community stakeholders. These priorities are: (1) increased standardization of evaluation methods, (2) improved economic valuation of common prevention outcomes, (3) expanded efforts to maximize evaluation generalizability and impact as well as (4) enhanced transparency and communicability of economic evaluations. In this paper, we define three types of economic analyses in prevention, provide context and rationale for these four priorities as well as related sub-priorities, and discuss the challenges inherent in meeting them.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 789-98 %8 2014 Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0429-z %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2014 %T "Set it and forget it": women's perceptions and opinions of long-acting topical vaginal gels. %A van den Berg, Jacob J %A Rosen, Rochelle K %A Bregman, Dana E %A Thompson, Lara A %A Jensen, Kathleen M %A Kiser, Patrick F %A Katz, David F %A Buckheit, Karen %A Buckheit, Robert W %A Morrow, Kathleen M %K Administration, Intravaginal %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anti-Infective Agents, Local %K Female %K Focus Groups %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Perception %K Qualitative Research %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Time Factors %K Vaginal Creams, Foams, and Jellies %X

Women's initial understandings and anticipated acceptability of long-acting vaginal gels as potential anti-HIV microbicides was investigated by exploring the perceptibility variables associated with prototype formulations. Four focus groups with 29 women, aged 18-45, were conducted to consider gel prototypes with varied physicochemical and rheological properties. Participants responded favorably to the concept of long-acting vaginal gels as microbicides. Distinctions in understandings and stated needs regarding product dosing, characteristics, and effectiveness offer valuable insights into product design. Long-acting vaginal gels capable of protecting against HIV/STIs will be a viable option among potential users, with dosing frequency being an important factor in willingness to use.

%B AIDS Behav %V 18 %P 862-70 %8 2014 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10461-013-0652-4 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Sex risk behavior among adolescent and young adult children of opiate addicts: outcomes from the focus on families prevention trial and an examination of childhood and concurrent predictors of sex risk behavior. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Unsafe Sex %X

This study reports on rates and predictors of sex risk behavior among a sample of adolescent and young adult children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment for opiate addiction. Data are from 151 participants (80 males, 71 females) in the Focus on Families (FOF) project, a randomized trial of a family intervention and a study of the development of at-risk children. The study participants are children of parents enrolled in methadone treatment between 1990 and 1993. Participants were interviewed in 2005 when they ranged in age from 15 to 29 years. In the year prior to the follow-up, 79% of the males and 83% of females were sexually active, 26% of males and 10% of females had more than one partner in the prior year, and 34% of males and 24% of females reported having sex outside of a committed relationship. Twenty-four percent of males and 17% of females met criteria for high-risk sexual behavior, reporting casual or multiple partners in the prior year and inconsistent condom use. Participants in the intervention and control conditions did not differ significantly in terms of any measure of sex risk behavior examined. None of the measures of parent behavior and family processes derived from data at baseline of the FOF study predicted whether participants engaged in high-risk sex. Among measures derived from data collected at long-term follow-up, however, having ever met criteria for substance abuse or dependence predicted greater likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior, and being married or being in a romantic relationship was associated with lower likelihood of high-risk sexual behavior. The findings point to the important role of committed relationships in regulating sex risk behavior among this population, as well as heightened levels of sex risk behavior associated with substance abuse or dependence.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 Suppl 1 %P S70-7 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0327-9 %0 Journal Article %J J Sex Res %D 2014 %T Sexual risk behavior in young adulthood: broadening the scope beyond early sexual initiation. %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Time Factors %K Young Adult %X

A robust link between early sexual initiation and sexual risk-taking behavior is reported in previous studies. The relationship may not be causal, however, as the effect of common risk factors is often not considered. The current study examined whether early initiation was a key predictor of risky sexual behavior in the 20s and 30s, over and above co-occurring individual and environmental factors. Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a longitudinal panel of 808 youth. Early predictors (ages 10 to 15) and sexual risk taking (ages 21 to 24 and 30 to 33) were assessed prospectively. Early sexual initiation (before age 15) was entered into a series of probit regressions that also included family, neighborhood, peer, and individual risk factors. Although a positive bivariate relation between early sexual initiation and sexual risk taking was observed at both ages, the link did not persist when co-occurring risk factors were included. Behavioral disinhibition and antisocial peer influences emerged as the strongest predictors of sexual risk over and above early sexual initiation. These results suggest that early sexual initiation must be considered in the context of common antecedents; public health policy aimed at delaying sexual intercourse alone is unlikely to substantially reduce sexual risk behavior in young adulthood.

%B J Sex Res %V 51 %P 721-30 %8 2014 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1080/00224499.2013.849652 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2014 %T Sexual victimization, alcohol intoxication, sexual-emotional responding, and sexual risk in heavy episodic drinking women. %A George, William H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Masters, N Tatiana %A Jacques-Tiura, Angela J %A Heiman, Julia R %A Norris, Jeanette %A Gilmore, Amanda K %A Nguyen, Hong V %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %A Otto, Jacqueline M %A Andrasik, Michele P %K Adult %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Child %K Child Abuse, Sexual %K Crime Victims %K Ethanol %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Libido %K Rape %K Risk %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

This study used an experimental paradigm to investigate the roles of sexual victimization history and alcohol intoxication in young women's sexual-emotional responding and sexual risk taking. A nonclinical community sample of 436 young women, with both an instance of heavy episodic drinking and some HIV/STI risk exposure in the past year, completed childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adolescent/adult sexual assault (ASA) measures. A majority of them reported CSA and/or ASA, including rape and attempted rape. After random assignment to a high alcohol dose (.10 %) or control condition, participants read and projected themselves into an eroticized scenario of a sexual encounter involving a new partner. As the story protagonist, each participant rated her positive mood and her sexual arousal, sensation, and desire, and then indicated her likelihood of engaging in unprotected sex. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that ASA and alcohol were directly associated with heightened risk taking, and alcohol's effects were partially mediated by positive mood and sexual desire. ASA was associated with attenuated sexual-emotional responding and resulted in diminished risk taking via this suppression. These are the first findings indicating that, compared to non-victimized counterparts, sexually victimized women respond differently in alcohol-involved sexual encounters in terms of sexual-emotional responding and risk-taking intentions. Implications include assessing victimization history and drinking among women seeking treatment for either concern, particularly women at risk for HIV, and alerting them to ways their histories and behavior may combine to exacerbate their sexual risks.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 43 %P 645-58 %8 2014 May %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10508-013-0143-8 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2014 %T Sexually explicit online media and sexual risk among men who have sex with men in the United States. %A Nelson, Kimberly M %A Simoni, Jane M %A Morrison, Diane M %A George, William H %A Leickly, Emily %A Lengua, Liliana J %A Hawes, Stephen E %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Erotica %K HIV Infections %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Internet %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Risk-Taking %K Socioeconomic Factors %K United States %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

This study aimed to describe sexually explicit online media (SEOM) consumption among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the United States and examine associations between exposure to unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in SEOM and engagement in both UAI and serodiscordant UAI. MSM in the U.S. who accessed a men-seeking-men website in the past year (N = 1,170) were recruited online for a cross-sectional, Internet-based survey of sexual risk and SEOM consumption. In the 3 months prior to interview, more than half (57 %) of the men reported viewing SEOM one or more times per day and almost half (45 %) reported that at least half of the SEOM they viewed portrayed UAI. Compared to participants who reported that 0-24 % of the SEOM they viewed showed UAI, participants who reported that 25-49, 50-74, or 75-100 % of the SEOM they viewed portrayed UAI had progressively increasing odds of engaging in UAI and serodiscordant UAI in the past 3 months. As SEOM has become more ubiquitous and accessible, research should examine causal relations between SEOM consumption and sexual risk-taking among MSM as well as ways to use SEOM for HIV prevention.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 43 %P 833-43 %8 2014 May %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10508-013-0238-2 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2014 %T Situational determinants of use and treatment outcomes in marijuana dependent adults. %A Blevins, Claire E %A Stephens, Robert S %A Walker, Denise D %A Roffman, Roger A %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Cognitive Therapy %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Motivation %K Regression Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Self Efficacy %K Treatment Outcome %X

Research and theory strongly support the importance of situational determinants of substance use as targets for intervention, but few studies have systematically examined situational use characteristics in marijuana dependent adults. The present study describes situational use of marijuana in a population of 87 marijuana dependent adults and reports relationships with outcomes of treatment. Use in negative affective situations was independently associated with psychological distress, maladaptive coping strategies, lower self-efficacy, and poorer outcomes post-treatment. The findings were consistent with research on using drugs to cope with negative affect providing evidence of convergence between two different methods of assessing high risk situations for substance use. The results support continued emphasis on coping with negative affect as a target in treatments for marijuana dependence.

%B Addict Behav %V 39 %P 546-52 %8 2014 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.031 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2014 %T Understanding the link between early sexual initiation and later sexually transmitted infection: test and replication in two longitudinal studies. %A Epstein, Marina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Theoretical %K Puberty %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Abstinence %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %X

PURPOSE: Age at sexual initiation is strongly associated with sexually transmitted infections (STI); yet, prevention programs aiming to delay sexual initiation have shown mixed results in reducing STI. This study tested three explanatory mechanisms for the relationship between early sexual debut and STI: number of sexual partners, individual characteristics, and environmental antecedents.

METHODS: A test-and-replicate strategy was employed using two longitudinal studies: the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and Raising Healthy Children (RHC). Childhood measures included pubertal age, behavioral disinhibition, and family, school, and peer influences. Alcohol use and age of sexual debut were measured during adolescence. Lifetime number of sexual partners and having sex under the influence were measured during young adulthood. Sexually transmitted infection diagnosis was self-reported at age 24. Early sex was defined as debut at <15 years. Path models were developed in SSDP evaluating relationships between measures, and were then tested in RHC.

RESULTS: The relationship between early sex and STI was fully mediated by lifetime sex partners in SSDP, but only partially in RHC, after accounting for co-occurring factors. Behavioral disinhibition predicted early sex, early alcohol use, number of sexual partners, and sex under the influence, but had no direct effect on STI. Family management protected against early sex and early alcohol use, whereas antisocial peers exacerbated the risk.

CONCLUSIONS: Early sexual initiation, a key mediator of STI, is driven by antecedents that influence multiple risk behaviors. Targeting co-occurring individual and environmental factors may be more effective than discouraging early sexual debut and may concomitantly improve other risk behaviors.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 54 %P 435-441.e2 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.09.016 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Variation in the sustained effects of the Communities That Care prevention system on adolescent smoking, delinquency, and violence. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K United States %K Violence %X

Communities That Care (CTC) is a universal, science-based community prevention system designed to reduce risk, enhance protection, and prevent adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. CTC has been found to have sustained effects on cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors in grade 10 in a panel of 4,407 students followed from fifth grade in a community randomized trial. It is important to test variation in the effects of this prevention system designed to be universal to understand for whom it is most effective and whether it fails to produce change or leads to iatrogenic effects for certain categories of individuals. The present study examined variation in the sustained effects of CTC on tenth-grade cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors. Interaction analyses suggest that the effect of CTC did not differ between those who had high levels of community-targeted risk factors at baseline or had already engaged in substance use, delinquency, or violence at baseline versus those who had not. Although CTC reduced the prevalence of both girls' and boys' problem behaviors, the effect on delinquency was marginally (p = 0.08) larger for boys than for girls.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 138-45 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0365-y %0 Journal Article %J J Sex Res %D 2014 %T Women's unprotected sex intentions: roles of sexual victimization, intoxication, and partner perception. %A Masters, N Tatiana %A George, William H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Norris, Jeanette %A Heiman, Julia R %A Jacques-Tiura, Angela J %A Gilmore, Amanda K %A Nguyen, Hong V %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %A Otto, Jacqueline M %A Stappenbeck, Cynthia A %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Intention %K Sex Offenses %K Social Perception %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

Sexually victimized women may make sexual decisions differently than nonvictimized women. This study used an eroticized scenario and laboratory alcohol administration to investigate the roles of victimization history, intoxication, and relationship context in women's perceptions of a male partner and their subsequent intentions for unprotected sex. A community sample of 436 women completed childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adolescent/adult sexual assault (ASA) measures. After random assignment to an alcohol or control condition, participants read and projected themselves into a sexual scenario that depicted the male partner as having high or low potential for a lasting relationship. Participants rated their perceptions of his intoxication, sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk level, and anticipated reactions to insistence on condom use. They then indicated their likelihood of allowing the partner to decide how far to go sexually (abdication) and of engaging in unprotected sex. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses revealed that intoxication predicted greater unprotected sex likelihood indirectly via abdication. CSA and ASA predicted partner perceptions, which in turn predicted unprotected sex likelihood. These findings indicate that, compared to their nonvictimized counterparts, sexually victimized women may respond differently in sexual encounters partly as a function of their perceptions of partners' STI risk and anticipated reactions to condom insistence.

%B J Sex Res %V 51 %P 586-98 %8 2014 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/00224499.2012.763086 %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatr %D 2014 %T Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the Communities That Care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

IMPORTANCE: Community-based efforts to prevent adolescent problem behaviors are essential to promote public health and achieve collective impact community wide. OBJECTIVE To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community wide 8 years after implementation of CTC.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A community-randomized trial was performed in 24 small towns in 7 states, matched within state, assigned randomly to a control or intervention group in 2003. All fifth-grade students attending public schools in study communities in 2003-2004 who received consent from their parents to participate (76.4% of the eligible population) were included. A panel of 4407 fifth graders was surveyed through 12th grade, with 92.5% of the sample participating at the last follow-up.

INTERVENTIONS: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors in the community, and implemented tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years as well as their families and schools to address their community's elevated risks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Levels of targeted risk; sustained abstinence, and cumulative incidence by grade 12; and current prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, delinquency, and violence in 12th grade.

RESULTS: By spring of 12th grade, students in CTC communities were more likely than students in control communities to have abstained from any drug use (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63), drinking alcohol (ARR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.09-1.58), smoking cigarettes (ARR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27), and engaging in delinquency (ARR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.36). They were also less likely to ever have committed a violent act (ARR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). There were no significant differences by intervention group in targeted risks, the prevalence of past-month or past-year substance use, or past-year delinquency or violence.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Using the CTC system continued to prevent the initiation of adolescent problem behaviors through 12th grade, 8 years after implementation of CTC and 3 years after study-provided resources ended, but did not produce reductions in current levels of risk or current prevalence of problem behavior in 12th grade. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B JAMA Pediatr %V 168 %P 122-9 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009 %0 Journal Article %J J Evid Based Soc Work %D 2013 %T Achieving placement stability. %A Carnochan, Sarah %A Moore, Megan %A Austin, Michael J %K Adoption %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Decision Making %K Emotions %K Family %K Foster Home Care %K Government Agencies %K Humans %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Problem Solving %K Social Work %X

Placement stability as an outcome goal in child welfare performance measurement is grounded in the importance of providing stability for children as they are developing attachments and relationships to caregivers. Research shows that many children are vulnerable to placement instability, especially those who have been in long term foster care. This literature review provides an overview of the federal placement stability measure. It then summarizes the diverse set of factors has been found to be associated with placement instability, including characteristics of the child and family of origin, placement type and quality, and the child welfare system and services. Promising practices aimed at promoting placement stability are summarized, followed by questions designed to foster discussion about the relationship of the evidence to child welfare practice.

%B J Evid Based Soc Work %V 10 %P 235-53 %8 2013 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1080/15433714.2013.788953 %0 Journal Article %J J Evid Based Soc Work %D 2013 %T Achieving timely adoption. %A Carnochan, Sarah %A Moore, Megan %A Austin, Michael J %K Adoption %K Age Factors %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Foster Home Care %K Government Agencies %K Humans %K Parents %K Sex Factors %K Social Work %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Time Factors %X

While family reunification is the primary permanency objective for children who must be placed temporarily outside of their homes, reunification is not possible for all children. For those children who do not return to their parents and cannot find permanent homes with other family members, adoption is the favored outcome. This review examines the composite measure in the federal Child and Family Services Review that measures agency performance related to the timeliness of adoptions of foster children. It summarizes the multiple factors that research has found to be associated with increased risk for adoption delay and disruption. These include child characteristics, family of origin and adoptive family characteristics, and features of child welfare services and systems. Practices that have been broadly linked to adoption timeliness or address risk factors associated with delays in adoption are described, including social worker activities and agency or system-wide practice.

%B J Evid Based Soc Work %V 10 %P 210-9 %8 2013 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1080/15433714.2013.788950 %0 Journal Article %J Accid Anal Prev %D 2013 %T Adolescent exposure to drink driving as a predictor of young adults' drink driving. %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Plenty, Stephanie M %A Toumbourou, John W %A Olsson, Craig %A Rowland, Bosco %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %K Adolescent %K Alcohol Drinking %K Automobile Driving %K Child %K Dangerous Behavior %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Imitative Behavior %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Self Report %K Victoria %K Young Adult %X

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of exposure to others' drink driving during adolescence on self-reported driving under the influence (DUI) of alcohol in young adulthood. Data were drawn from 1956 participants with a driving license enrolled in the International Youth Development Study from Victoria, Australia. During 2003 and 2004, adolescents in Grades 7, 9 and 10 (aged 12-17) completed questionnaires examining whether they had ridden in a vehicle with a driver who had been drinking, as well as other demographic, individual, peer and family risk factors for DUI. In 2010, the same participants (aged 18-24) then reported on their own DUI behaviour. 18% of young adults with a driving license reported DUI in the past 12 months. Exposure to others' drink driving during adolescence was associated with an increased likelihood of DUI as a young adult (OR=2.13, 95% CI 1.68-2.69). This association remained after accounting for the effects of other potential confounding factors from the individual, peer and family domains (OR=1.62, 95% CI 1.23-2.13). Observing the drink driving behaviours of others during adolescence may increase the likelihood of DUI as a young adult. Strategies to reduce youth exposure to drink driving are warranted.

%B Accid Anal Prev %V 51 %P 185-91 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %R 10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.016 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2013 %T Alcohol and tobacco use disorder comorbidity in young adults and the influence of romantic partner environments. %A Meacham, Meredith C %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Epstein, Marina %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Alcoholism %K Comorbidity %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Depression %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Regression Analysis %K Sex Factors %K Sexual Partners %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Tobacco Use %K Treatment Outcome %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Although there is considerable evidence that the development of tobacco dependence (TD) and that of alcohol use disorder (AUD) are intertwined, less is known about the comorbid development of these disorders. The present study examines tobacco dependence and alcohol use disorder comorbidity in young adulthood within the context of romantic partner relationships.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a contemporary, ethnically diverse, and gender balanced longitudinal panel including 808 participants. A typological person-centered approach was used to assign participants to four outcome groups: no disorder, tobacco dependence (TD) only, alcohol use disorder (AUD) only, and comorbid (both). Multinomial logistic regression was used to determine the association between partner general and substance-specific environments and single or dual alcohol and tobacco use disorder diagnosis in young adulthood (ages 24-33, n=628). Previous heavy alcohol and tobacco use were controlled for, as were dispositional characteristics, gender, ethnicity, adult SES, and adult depression.

RESULTS: Greater partner conflict increased the likelihood of being comorbid compared to having TD only or AUD only. Having a smoking partner increased the likelihood of being comorbid compared to having AUD only, but having a drinking partner did not significantly distinguish being comorbid from having TD only.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings demonstrated the utility of a comorbidity-based, person-centered approach and the influence of general and tobacco-specific, but not alcohol-specific, partner environments on comorbid alcohol and tobacco use disorders in young adulthood.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 132 %P 149-57 %8 2013 Sep 1 %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.01.017 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2013 %T The application of meta-analysis within a matched-pair randomized control trial: An illustration testing the effects of Communities That Care on delinquent behavior. %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Hawkins, J D %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Age of Onset %K Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders %K Child %K Cohort Studies %K Consumer Participation %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Matched-Pair Analysis %K Meta-Analysis as Topic %K Risk Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Use of meta-analytic strategies to test intervention effects is an important complement to traditional design-based analyses of intervention effects in randomized control trials. In the present paper, we suggest that meta-analyses within the context of matched-pair designs can provide useful insight into intervention effects. We illustrate the advantages to this analytic strategy by examining the effectiveness of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on 8th-grade delinquent behavior in a randomized matched-pair trial. We estimate the intervention effect within each of the matched-pair communities, aggregate the effect sizes across matched pairs to derive an overall intervention effect, and test for heterogeneity in the effect of CTC on delinquency across matched pairs of communities. The meta-analysis finds that CTC reduces delinquent behavior and that the effect of CTC on delinquent behavior varies significantly across communities. The use of meta-analysis in randomized matched-pair studies can provide a useful accompaniment to other analytic approaches because it opens the possibility of identifying factors associated with differential effects across units or matched pairs in the context of a randomized control trial.

%B Prev Sci %V 14 %P 1-12 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0298-x %0 Journal Article %J Sleep %D 2013 %T Association between adaptations to ACGME duty hour requirements, length of stay, and costs. %A Rosenbluth, Glenn %A Fiore, Darren M %A Maselli, Judith H %A Vittinghoff, Eric %A Wilson, Stephen D %A Auerbach, Andrew D %K Adolescent %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Education, Medical, Graduate %K Female %K Hospital Costs %K Hospitals, Pediatric %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant, Newborn %K Internship and Residency %K Length of Stay %K Male %K Patient Readmission %K Pediatrics %K Personnel Staffing and Scheduling %K Retrospective Studies %K Work Schedule Tolerance %X

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To determine whether adaptations to comply with Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) duty hour requirements are associated with changes in total cost and length of stay.

DESIGN: Retrospective, interrupted time-series cohort study using concurrent control patients.

SETTING: UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital, San Francisco, CA.

PATIENTS: Inpatients newborn to 18 y on the primary pediatrics medical-surgical unit. Medical patients were studied before and after an intervention, and surgical patients served as a concurrent control group.

INTERVENTION: Pediatrics trainees' work schedules were changed from those that relied on prolonged call shifts to those primarily based on shorter day shifts and night shifts.

RESULTS: We detected significant relative reductions in length of stay but not in total cost. When the analysis was limited to the subset of patients who did not receive intensive care unit care, length of stay decreased by 18% and total cost decreased by 10%. We did not detect similar changes in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS: A trainee staffing model that included shorter shifts as consistent with current ACGME duty hour requirements was associated with reduced length of stay and total costs for patients not in the intensive care unit.

%B Sleep %V 36 %P 245-8 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.5665/sleep.2382 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychol %D 2013 %T The association between parent early adult drug use disorder and later observed parenting practices and child behavior problems: Testing alternate models. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %A McMahon, Robert J %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Child Rearing %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Personality %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This study tested the association between parent illicit drug use disorder (DUD) in early adulthood and observed parenting practices at ages 27-28 and examined the following 3 theoretically derived models explaining this link: (a) a disrupted parent adult functioning model,(b) a preexisting parent personality factor model, and (c) a disrupted adolescent family process model. Associations between study variables and child externalizing problems also were examined. Longitudinal data linking 2 generations were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) and The SSDP Intergenerational Project (TIP), and included 167 parents and their 2- to 8-year-old child. Path modeling revealed that parent DUD in early adulthood predicted later observed low-skilled parenting, which was related to child externalizing problems. The preexisting parent personality factor model was supported. Parent negative emotionality accounted for the association between parent early adult DUD and later parenting practices. Parent negative emotionality also was related directly to child externalizing behavior. Limited support for the disrupted transition to adulthood model was found. The disrupted adolescent family process model was not supported. Results suggest that problem drug use that occurs early in adulthood may affect later parenting skills, independent of subsequent parent drug use. Findings highlight the importance of parent negative emotionality in influencing his or her own problem behavior, interactions with his or her child, and his or her child's problem behavior. Prevention and treatment programs targeting young adult substance use, poor parenting practices, and child behavior problems should address parent personality factors that may contribute to these behaviors.

%B Dev Psychol %V 49 %P 887-99 %8 2013 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0029235 %0 Journal Article %J J Pain %D 2013 %T A blueprint of pain curriculum across prelicensure health sciences programs: one NIH Pain Consortium Center of Excellence in Pain Education (CoEPE) experience. %A Doorenbos, Ardith Z %A Gordon, Deborah B %A Tauben, David %A Palisoc, Jenny %A Drangsholt, Mark %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Danielson, Jennifer %A Spector, June %A Ballweg, Ruth %A Vorvick, Linda %A Loeser, John D %K Curriculum %K Data Collection %K Humans %K National Institutes of Health (U.S.) %K Pain Clinics %K Pain Management %K Schools, Health Occupations %K United States %X

UNLABELLED: To improve U.S. pain education and promote interinstitutional and interprofessional collaborations, the National Institutes of Health Pain Consortium has funded 12 sites to develop Centers of Excellence in Pain Education (CoEPEs). Each site was given the tasks of development, evaluation, integration, and promotion of pain management curriculum resources, including case studies that will be shared nationally. Collaborations among schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, pharmacy, and others were encouraged. The John D. Loeser CoEPE is unique in that it represents extensive regionalization of health science education, in this case in the region covering the states of Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. This paper describes a blueprint of pain content and teaching methods across the University of Washington's 6 health sciences schools and provides recommendations for improvement in pain education at the prelicensure level. The Schools of Dentistry and Physician Assistant provide the highest percentage of total required curriculum hours devoted to pain compared with the Schools of Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy, and Social Work. The findings confirm the paucity of pain content in health sciences curricula, missing International Association for the Study of Pain curriculum topics, and limited use of innovative teaching methods such as problem-based and team-based learning.

PERSPECTIVE: Findings confirm the paucity of pain education across the health sciences curriculum in a CoEPE that serves a large region in the United States. The data provide a pain curriculum blueprint that can be used to recommend added pain content in health sciences programs across the country.

%B J Pain %V 14 %P 1533-8 %8 2013 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.07.006 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Educ Prev %D 2013 %T A cautionary tale: risk reduction strategies among urban American Indian/Alaska Native men who have sex with men. %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Walters, Karina L %A Simoni, Jane M %A Beltran, Ramona %A Nelson, Kimberly M %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Alaska %K Condoms %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K HIV Infections %K HIV Seronegativity %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Partners %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Truth Disclosure %K Unsafe Sex %K Urban Population %K Young Adult %X

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) men who have sex with men (MSM) are considered particularly high risk for HIV transmission and acquisition. In a multi-site cross-sectional survey, 174 AIAN men reported having sex with a man in the past 12 months. We describe harm reduction strategies and sexual behavior by HIV serostatus and seroconcordant partnerships. About half (51.3%) of the respondents reported no anal sex or 100% condom use and 8% were in seroconcordant monogamous partnership. Of the 65 men who reported any sero-adaptive strategy (e.g., 100% seroconcordant partnership, strategic positioning or engaging in any strategy half or most of the time), only 35 (54.7%) disclosed their serostatus to their partners and 27 (41.5%) tested for HIV in the past 3 months. Public health messages directed towards AIAN MSM should continue to encourage risk reduction practices, including condom use and sero-adaptive behaviors. However, messages should emphasize the importance of HIV testing and HIV serostatus disclosure when relying solely on sero-adaptive practices.

%B AIDS Educ Prev %V 25 %P 25-37 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1521/aeap.2013.25.1.25 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2013 %T Child physical and sexual abuse and cigarette smoking in adolescence and adulthood. %A Kristman-Valente, Allison N %A Brown, Eric C %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Abuse, Sexual %K Child, Preschool %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Male %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

PURPOSE: Analyses used data from an extended longitudinal study to examine the relationship between childhood physical and sexual abuse (CPA and CSA, respectively) and adolescent and adult smoking behavior. Two questions guided the study: (1) Is there an association between childhood abuse and adolescent and adult smoking behavior? (2) Does the relationship between childhood abuse and later cigarette smoking differ for males and females?

METHODS: A censored-inflated path model was used to assess the impact of child abuse on adolescent and adult lifetime smoking prevalence and smoking frequency. Gender differences in significant model paths were assessed using a multiple-group approach.

RESULTS: Results show no significant relation between CPA or CSA and risk of having ever smoked cigarettes in adolescence or adulthood. However, for males, both CPA and CSA had direct effects on adolescent smoking frequency. For females, only CSA predicted increased smoking frequency in adolescence. Adolescent smoking frequency predicted adult smoking frequency more strongly for females compared with males.

CONCLUSIONS: CPA and CSA are risk factors for higher frequency of smoking in adolescence. Higher frequency of cigarette smoking in adolescence increases the risk of higher smoking frequency in adulthood. Results underscore the need for both primary and secondary prevention and intervention efforts to reduce the likelihood of childhood abuse and to lessen risk for cigarette smoking among those who have been abused.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 53 %P 533-8 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.06.003 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Addict %D 2013 %T Differences between men and women in condom use, attitudes, and skills in substance abuse treatment seekers. %A Calsyn, Donald A %A Peavy, Michelle %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Campbell, Aimee N C %A Hatch-Maillette, Mary A %A Greenfield, Shelly F %A Tross, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Condoms %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Male %K Sex Characteristics %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Unsafe Sex %X

BACKGROUND: For substance abuse treatment-seekers engaging in high risk sexual behavior, their inconsistent condom use may be related to their condom use attitudes and skills.

OBJECTIVE: This study compared treatment-seeking male and female substance abusers in their reported barriers to condom use and condom use skills.

METHODS: Men and women (N = 1,105) enrolled in two multi-site HIV risk reduction studies were administered the Condom Barriers Scale, Condom Use Skills, and an audio computer-assisted structured interview assessing sexual risk behavior.

RESULTS: Men endorsed more barriers to condom use, especially on the Effects on Sexual Experience factor. For both men and women, stronger endorsement of barriers to condom use was associated with less use of condoms. However, the difference between condom users and non-users in endorsement of condom barriers in general is greater for men than women, especially for those who report having casual partners.

CONCLUSIONS: Findings support the need to focus on gender-specific barriers to condom use in HIV/STI prevention interventions, especially risk behavior intervention techniques that address sexual experience with condoms.

SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: Results provide additional information about the treatment and prevention needs of treatment-seeking men and women.

%B Am J Addict %V 22 %P 150-7 %8 2013 Mar-Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00312.x %0 Journal Article %J J Health Care Chaplain %D 2013 %T Doctors' attentiveness to the spirituality/religion of their patients in pediatric and oncology settings in the Northwest USA. %A King, Stephen D W %A Dimmers, Martha A %A Langer, Shelby %A Murphy, Patricia E %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Attention %K Attitude of Health Personnel %K Chaplaincy Service, Hospital %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Medical Oncology %K Middle Aged %K Northwestern United States %K Pediatrics %K Physician-Patient Relations %K Physicians %K Referral and Consultation %K Self Efficacy %K Spirituality %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Research indicates that spirituality/religion is important to many patients and they want this to be an integrated component of their care. This study's aim was to better understand doctors' attentiveness to patients'/families' spiritual/religious concerns and the contributing factors for this in the Northwest USA as well as doctor's attitudes about referrals to chaplains. Study participants included 108 pediatricians and oncologists who completed an online self-report questionnaire regarding their beliefs about the health relevance of patients' spirituality/religion and their attentiveness to this. Few doctors routinely addressed this concern. Doctors who were Christian, did not expect negative reactions to inquiring, and were knowledgeable regarding chaplains were more likely to address spirituality/religion. Doctors who felt less adequate in addressing spirituality/religion and were concerned about patients negative reactions were less likely to value referral to chaplains. On the other hand, those who had an understanding regarding chaplains were more likely to support referral.

%B J Health Care Chaplain %V 19 %P 140-64 %8 2013 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/08854726.2013.829692 %0 Journal Article %J Public Health %D 2013 %T Educational inequalities in the co-occurrence of mental health and substance use problems, and its adult socio-economic consequences: a longitudinal study of young adults in a community sample. %A Lee, J O %A Herrenkohl, T I %A Kosterman, R %A Small, C M %A Hawkins, J D %K Adult %K Anxiety Disorders %K Comorbidity %K Depressive Disorder %K Educational Status %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Male %K Prospective Studies %K Social Class %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: To examine the relationship between the co-occurrence of mental health and substance use problems and socio-economic status (SES).

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study of 808 males and females followed to age 30.

METHODS: Survey data were used to derive latent classes (profiles) of mental health (depression, anxiety) and substance use (alcohol, nicotine, and marijuana [cannabis]) problems at age 27. Analyses examined the associations of these profiles with earlier educational attainment (high school diploma) and indicators of SES at age 30.

RESULTS: Latent Class Analysis produced four profiles: a low disorder symptoms group, a licit substance use disorder symptoms group (alcohol and nicotine), a mental health disorder symptoms group, and a comorbid group. Earning a high school diploma by age 21 decreased the odds of belonging to the comorbid group or the licit substance use disorder symptoms group when compared to the low disorder symptoms group. These disorder profiles also were found to adversely impact subsequent adult SES. The adverse impact was more evident in income maintenance and wealth accumulation by age 30 than market or non-market labour force participation.

CONCLUSIONS: Earning a high school diploma lessens the risk of co-occurring mental health and substance use problems which contribute to economic instability in young adulthood. Findings underscore the importance of public health programmes to reduce the incidence of mental health and substance use problems and their associated high costs to individuals and to society.

%B Public Health %V 127 %P 745-53 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.puhe.2013.04.005 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychol %D 2013 %T The effect of general and drug-specific family environments on comorbid and drug-specific problem behavior: A longitudinal examination. %A Epstein, Marina %A Hill, Karl G %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Comorbidity %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Self Report %K Social Environment %K Tobacco Use Disorder %K Young Adult %X

Previous research has shown that the development of alcohol and tobacco dependence is linked and that both are influenced by environmental and intrapersonal factors, many of which likely interact over the life course. The present study examines the effects of general and alcohol- and tobacco-specific environmental influences in the family of origin (ages 10-18) and family of cohabitation (ages 27-30) on problem behavior and alcohol- and tobacco-specific outcomes at age 33. General environmental factors include family management, conflict, bonding, and involvement. Alcohol environment includes parental alcohol use, parents' attitudes toward alcohol, and children's involvement in family drinking. Tobacco-specific environment is assessed analogously. Additionally, analyses include the effects of childhood behavioral disinhibition, initial behavior problems, and age 18 substance use. Analyses were based on 469 participants drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) sample. Results indicated that (a) environmental factors within the family of origin and the family of cohabitation are both important predictors of problem behavior at age 33; (b) family of cohabitation influences partially mediate the effects of family of origin environments; (c) considerable continuity exists between adolescent and adult general and tobacco (but not alcohol) environments; age 18 alcohol and tobacco use partially mediates these relationships; and (d) childhood behavioral disinhibition contributed to age 33 outcomes, over and above the effects of family of cohabitation mediators. Implications for preventive interventions are discussed.

%B Dev Psychol %V 49 %P 1151-64 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1037/a0029309 %0 Journal Article %J Brain Behav Immun %D 2013 %T The effect of pre-transplant distress on immune reconstitution among adult autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation patients. %A McGregor, Bonnie A %A Syrjala, Karen L %A Dolan, Emily D %A Langer, Shelby L %A Redman, Mary %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Depression %K Female %K Hematologic Neoplasms %K Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation %K Humans %K Leukocyte Count %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prospective Studies %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Self Report %K Sex Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Treatment Outcome %X

Myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is a common treatment for hematological malignancy. Delayed immune reconstitution following HCT is a major impediment to recovery with patients being most vulnerable during the first month after transplant. HCT is a highly stressful process. Because psychological distress has been associated with down regulation of immune function we examined the effect of pre-transplant distress on white blood cell (WBC) count among 70 adult autologous HCT patients during the first 3 weeks after transplant. The participants were on average 38 years old; 93% Caucasian, non-Hispanic and 55% male. Pre-transplant distress was measured 2-14 days before admission using the Cancer and Treatment Distress (CTXD) scale, and the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) anxiety and depression subscales. WBC count was measured during initial immune recovery on days 5 through 22 post-transplant. Linear mixed model regression analyses controlling for gender and treatment-related variables revealed a significant effect of the mean pre-transplant SCL Anxiety-Depression score on WBC recovery. We found no significant effect of pre-transplant CTXD on WBC recovery. In general, higher levels of pre-treatment anxiety and depression were associated with slower WBC recovery. Psychological modulation of WBC recovery during HCT suggests a unique mechanism by which psychological distress can exert influence over the immune system. Given that WBC recovery is essential to survival for HCT patients, these data provide a rationale for treating anxiety and depression in HCT patients.

%B Brain Behav Immun %V 30 Suppl %P S142-8 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %R 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.07.020 %0 Journal Article %J J Palliat Med %D 2013 %T Examining palliative care team involvement in automatic consultations for children on extracorporeal life support in the pediatric intensive care unit. %A Doorenbos, Ardith Z %A Starks, Helene %A Bourget, Erica %A McMullan, D Michael %A Lewis-Newby, Mithya %A Rue, Tessa C %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Aisenberg, Eugene %A Oman, Natalie %A Curtis, J Randall %A Hays, Ross %A Clark, Jonna D %A Baden, Harris P %A Brogan, Thomas V %A Di Gennaro, Jane L %A Mazor, Robert %A Roberts, Joan S %A Turnbull, Jessica %A Wilfond, Benjamin S %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant, Newborn %K Intensive Care Units, Pediatric %K Male %K Palliative Care %K Patient Care Team %K Prognosis %K Retrospective Studies %X

BACKGROUND: Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) is an advanced form of life-sustaining therapy that creates stressful dilemmas for families. In May 2009, Seattle Children's Hospital (SCH) implemented a policy to involve the Pediatric Advanced Care Team (PACT) in all ECLS cases through automatic referral.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe PACT involvement in the context of automatic consultations for ECLS patients and their family members.

METHODS: We retrospectively examined chart notes for 59 consecutive cases and used content analysis to identify themes and patterns.

RESULTS: The degree of PACT involvement was related to three domains: prognostic uncertainty, medical complexity, and need for coordination of care with other services. Low PACT involvement was associated with cases with little prognostic uncertainty, little medical complexity, and minimal need for coordination of care. Medium PACT involvement was associated with two categories of cases: 1) those with a degree of medical complexity but little prognostic uncertainty; and 2) those that had a degree of prognostic uncertainty but little medical complexity. High PACT involvement had the greatest medical complexity and prognostic uncertainty, and also had those cases with a high need for coordination of care.

CONCLUSIONS: We describe a framework for understanding the potential involvement of palliative care among patients receiving ECLS that explains how PACT organizes its efforts toward patients and families with the highest degree of need. Future studies should examine whether this approach is associated with improved patient and family outcomes.

%B J Palliat Med %V 16 %P 492-5 %8 2013 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1089/jpm.2012.0536 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2013 %T Extent and nature of child maltreatment-related fatalities: implications for policy and practice. %A Sheldon-Sherman, Jennifer %A Wilson, Dee %A Smith, Susan %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Caregivers %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Welfare %K Child, Preschool %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant, Newborn %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Risk Factors %K Social Work %K United States %K Young Adult %X

This article reviews significant research findings regarding child maltreatment fatalities over the last thirty years. Notably, the article focuses on several important subsets of children who die from maltreatment, including young children, children reported to child protective services, and children who live in families with poor parental attachment, mental illness, substance abuse, and domestic violence. The article then sets forth three proposals for broadening the United States' approach to child protection and reducing child maltreatment fatalities.

%B Child Welfare %V 92 %P 41-58 %8 2013 %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Int J Circumpolar Health %D 2013 %T The future of successful aging in Alaska. %A Lewis, Jordan %K Adult %K Aged %K Aging %K Alaska %K Female %K Forecasting %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Middle Aged %X

BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of research on Alaska Natives and their views on whether or not they believe they will age successfully in their home and community. There is limited understanding of aging experiences across generations.

OBJECTIVE: This research explores the concept of successful aging from an urban Alaska Native perspective and explores whether or not they believe they will achieve a healthy older age.

DESIGN: A cultural consensus model (CCM) approach was used to gain a sense of the cultural understandings of aging among young Alaska Natives aged 50 years and younger.

RESULTS: Research findings indicate that aging successfully is making the conscious decision to live a clean and healthy life, abstaining from drugs and alcohol, but some of Alaska Natives do not feel they will age well due to lifestyle factors. Alaska Natives see the inability to age well as primarily due to the decrease in physical activity, lack of availability of subsistence foods and activities, and the difficulty of living a balanced life in urban settings.

CONCLUSIONS: This research seeks to inform future studies on successful aging that incorporates the experiences and wisdom of Alaska Natives in hopes of developing an awareness of the importance of practicing a healthy lifestyle and developing guidelines to assist others to age well.

%B Int J Circumpolar Health %V 72 %8 2013 %G eng %R 10.3402/ijch.v72i0.21186 %0 Journal Article %J Matern Child Health J %D 2013 %T Health disparities among childrearing women with disabilities. %A Kim, Miok %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Hong, Seunghye %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System %K Child Rearing %K Child, Preschool %K Chronic Disease %K Disabled Persons %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Services Accessibility %K Health Status Disparities %K Health Status Indicators %K Health Surveys %K Healthcare Disparities %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Mothers %K Prevalence %K Quality of Life %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

This study examines leading health indicators for childrearing women with disabilities, including health-related quality of life, chronic health conditions, adverse and preventive health behaviors, health care access, and social and emotional support. The study analyzes aggregated data from the Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 28,629). The weighted prevalence of key health indicators of childrearing women with disabilities (aged 18-59) are compared with childrearing women without disabilities. A series of adjusted logistic regression analyses are applied, controlling for confounding variables. When compared to childrearing women without disabilities, childrearing women with disabilities are less likely to have a partner or spouse, report lower income and education levels and are older. Childrearing women with disabilities, compared to childrearing women without disabilities, report significantly lower health-related quality of life including poor general health (adjusted odds ratio[AOR] = 6.85; p < .001), frequent mental distress (AOR = 4.02; p < .001), and frequent poor physical health (AOR = 9.34; p < .001); higher prevalence of chronic health conditions, including arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, asthma, high blood pressure and cholesterol, and obesity (the range of AORs = 1.59 to 5.65; p < .001); higher prevalence of adverse health behaviors including smoking (AOR = 2.14; p < .001) and lack of exercise (AOR = 1.61; p < .001); more financial barriers to health care (AOR = 2.11; p < .001) and lack of social and emotional support (AOR = 2.05; p < .001) while controlling for age, education, income, and relationship status. Based on population level data, the study reveals that childrearing women with disabilities experience elevated risks of health disparities across many key health indicators, many of which are preventable and modifiable. These findings underscore the importance of identifying contributing factors and developing interventions to improve the health and quality of life of childrearing women with disabilities.

%B Matern Child Health J %V 17 %P 1260-8 %8 2013 Sep %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1007/s10995-012-1118-4 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2013 %T Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: results from a population-based study. %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Barkan, Susan E %A Muraco, Anna %A Hoy-Ellis, Charles P %K Bisexuality %K Chronic Disease %K Confidence Intervals %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Services Accessibility %K Health Status Disparities %K Health Surveys %K Homosexuality, Female %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mass Screening %K Middle Aged %K Odds Ratio %K Washington %X

OBJECTIVES: We investigated health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) adults aged 50 years and older.

METHODS: We analyzed data from the 2003-2010 Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (n = 96 992) on health outcomes, chronic conditions, access to care, behaviors, and screening by gender and sexual orientation with adjusted logistic regressions.

RESULTS: LGB older adults had higher risk of disability, poor mental health, smoking, and excessive drinking than did heterosexuals. Lesbians and bisexual women had higher risk of cardiovascular disease and obesity, and gay and bisexual men had higher risk of poor physical health and living alone than did heterosexuals. Lesbians reported a higher rate of excessive drinking than did bisexual women; bisexual men reported a higher rate of diabetes and a lower rate of being tested for HIV than did gay men. Conclusions. Tailored interventions are needed to address the health disparities and unique health needs of LGB older adults. Research across the life course is needed to better understand health disparities by sexual orientation and age, and to assess subgroup differences within these communities.

%B Am J Public Health %V 103 %P 1802-9 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301110 %0 Journal Article %J J Behav Health Serv Res %D 2013 %T Health risks, race, and adolescents' use of school-based health centers: policy and service recommendations. %A Anyon, Yolanda %A Moore, Megan %A Horevitz, Elizabeth %A Whitaker, Kelly %A Stone, Susan %A Shields, John P %K Adolescent %K Asthma %K Depressive Disorder %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Health Policy %K Health Services Accessibility %K Health Services Needs and Demand %K Health Status Indicators %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health Services %K Risk-Taking %K School Health Services %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Suicidal Ideation %K United States %B J Behav Health Serv Res %V 40 %P 457-68 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11414-013-9356-9 %0 Journal Article %J Contemp Clin Trials %D 2013 %T Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids: a randomized trial of a pediatric primary care-based obesity prevention intervention for at-risk 5-10 year olds. %A Sherwood, Nancy E %A Levy, Rona L %A Langer, Shelby L %A Senso, Meghan M %A Crain, A Lauren %A Hayes, Marcia G %A Anderson, Julie D %A Seburg, Elisabeth M %A Jeffery, Robert W %K Accelerometry %K Body Mass Index %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Counseling %K Diet %K Exercise %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Overweight %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Pediatric Obesity %K Primary Health Care %K Risk Factors %K Safety %K Sedentary Lifestyle %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

Pediatric primary care is an important setting in which to address obesity prevention, yet relatively few interventions have been evaluated and even fewer have been shown to be effective. The development and evaluation of cost-effective approaches to obesity prevention that leverage opportunities of direct access to families in the pediatric primary care setting, overcome barriers to implementation in busy practice settings, and facilitate sustained involvement of parents is an important public health priority. The goal of the Healthy Homes/Healthy Kids (HHHK 5-10) randomized controlled trial is to evaluate the efficacy of a relatively low-cost primary care-based obesity prevention intervention aimed at 5 to 10 year old children who are at risk for obesity. Four hundred twenty one parent/child dyads were recruited and randomized to either the obesity prevention arm or a Contact Control condition that focuses on safety and injury prevention. The HHHK 5-10 obesity prevention intervention combines brief counseling with a pediatric primary care provider during routine well child visits and follow-up telephone coaching that supports parents in making home environmental changes to support healthful eating, activity patterns, and body weight. The Contact Control condition combines the same provider counseling with telephone coaching focused on safety and injury prevention messages. This manuscript describes the study design and baseline characteristics of participants enrolled in the HHHK 5-10 trial.

%B Contemp Clin Trials %V 36 %P 228-43 %8 2013 Sep %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.cct.2013.06.017 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Community Psychol %D 2013 %T How has the economic downturn affected communities and implementation of science-based prevention in the randomized trial of Communities That Care? %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Hawkins, J D %A Plotnick, Robert D %A Abbott, Robert D %A Reid, Carolina K %K Community Networks %K Economic Recession %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Reproducibility of Results %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

This study examined implications of the economic downturn that began in December 2007 for the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS), a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system. The downturn had the potential to affect the internal validity of the CYDS research design and implementation of science-based prevention in study communities. We used archival economic indicators and community key leader reports of economic conditions to assess the extent of the economic downturn in CYDS communities and potential internal validity threats. We also examined whether stronger economic downturn effects were associated with a decline in science-based prevention implementation. Economic indicators suggested the downturn affected CYDS communities to different degrees. We found no evidence of systematic differences in downturn effects in CTC compared to control communities that would threaten internal validity of the randomized trial. The Community Economic Problems scale was a reliable measure of community economic conditions, and it showed criterion validity in relation to several objective economic indicators. CTC coalitions continued to implement science-based prevention to a significantly greater degree than control coalitions 2 years after the downturn began. However, CTC implementation levels declined to some extent as unemployment, the percentage of students qualifying for free lunch, and community economic problems worsened. Control coalition implementation levels were not related to economic conditions before or after the downturn, but mean implementation levels of science-based prevention were also relatively low in both periods.

%B Am J Community Psychol %V 51 %P 370-84 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1007/s10464-012-9557-z %0 Journal Article %J J Consult Clin Psychol %D 2013 %T The immigrant paradox among Asian American women: are disparities in the burden of depression and anxiety paradoxical or explicable? %A Lau, Anna S %A Tsai, William %A Shih, Josephine %A Liu, Lisa L %A Hwang, Wei-Chin %A Takeuchi, David T %K Age Factors %K Anxiety Disorders %K Asian Americans %K Cost of Illness %K Depressive Disorder %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Female %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Risk Factors %K Social Class %K Stress, Psychological %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: We evaluated potential explanations for advantaged mental health status among immigrant Asian American women compared to U.S.-born Asian American women.

METHOD: In a nationally representative sample of 1,030 women (185 U.S.-born, 368 early-life immigrants [arrived before 25 years of age], 477 late-life immigrants), we examined the hypothesis that increased exposure to social risk factors mediate nativity-based differences in lifetime prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders. Indicators of social class were also examined as protective factors enjoyed by U.S.-born women that may suppress observed nativity-based disparities. We also examined whether there were group differences in reactivity to stress in predicting disorder.

RESULTS: U.S.-born women were twice as likely as late-life immigrants to report lifetime history of depression (odds ratio [OR] = 2.03, 95% CI [1.35, 4.54]) and anxiety (OR = 2.12, 95% CI [1.34, 5.19]). Nativity differences in perceived discrimination, family conflict, and cultural conflict explained disparities in rates of disorder. There was no support for the contention that immigrant women were more psychologically hardy or resilient to social stress.

CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the gap in mental health status between U.S.- and foreign-born Asian American women would indeed be magnified if differences in social status were accounted for, but also that ready explanations for the so-called immigrant paradox are found in differential levels of reported stress exposure.

%B J Consult Clin Psychol %V 81 %P 901-11 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0032105 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2013 %T The impact of a middle school program to reduce aggression, victimization, and sexual violence. %A Espelage, Dorothy L %A Low, Sabina %A Polanin, Joshua R %A Brown, Eric C %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Anger %K Bullying %K Child %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Midwestern United States %K Peer Group %K Problem Solving %K Program Evaluation %K School Health Services %K Sex Offenses %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the Second Step: Student Success Through Prevention (SS-SSTP) Middle School Program on reducing youth violence including peer aggression, peer victimization, homophobic name calling, and sexual violence perpetration and victimization among middle school sixth-grade students.

METHODS: The study design was a nested cohort (sixth graders) longitudinal study. We randomly assigned 18 matched pairs of 36 middle schools to the SS-SSTP or control condition. Teachers implemented 15 weekly lessons of the sixth-grade curriculum that focused on social emotional learning skills, including empathy, communication, bully prevention, and problem-solving skills. All sixth graders (n = 3,616) in intervention and control conditions completed self-report measures assessing verbal/relational bullying, physical aggression, homophobic name calling, and sexual violence victimization and perpetration before and after the implementation of the sixth-grade curriculum.

RESULTS: Multilevel analyses revealed significant intervention effects with regard to physical aggression. The adjusted odds ratio indicated that the intervention effect was substantial; individuals in intervention schools were 42% less likely to self-report physical aggression than students in control schools. We found no significant intervention effects for verbal/relational bully perpetration, peer victimization, homophobic teasing, and sexual violence.

CONCLUSIONS: Within a 1-year period, we noted significant reductions in self-reported physical aggression in the intervention schools. Results suggest that SS-SSTP holds promise as an efficacious prevention program to reduce physical aggression in adolescent youth.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 53 %P 180-6 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.02.021 %0 Journal Article %J Health Educ Res %D 2013 %T The impact of school alcohol policy on student drinking. %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Plenty, Stephanie M %A Catalano, Richard F %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Binge Drinking %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Guideline Adherence %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Organizational Policy %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Schools %K Self Report %K Social Class %K Students %K Victoria %K Washington %X

Although it is common for secondary schools to implement alcohol policies to reduce alcohol misuse, there has been little evaluation of the efficacy of these policies. The purpose of this study was to test the impact of the degree and type of alcohol policy enforcement in state representative samples of secondary students in Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia (n = 1848). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the prospective association between student reports of school alcohol policy in Grade 8 and self-reported alcohol use in Grade 9, controlling for age, gender, state, family socio-economic status and Grade 8 alcohol use. The likelihood of students drinking on school grounds was increased when students perceived lax policy enforcement. Student perceptions of harm minimization alcohol messages, abstinence alcohol messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators predicted reduced likelihood of binge drinking. Students perceiving harm minimization messages and counselling for alcohol policy violators had a reduced likelihood of experiencing alcohol-related harms. Perceptions of harsh penalties were unrelated to drinking behaviour. These results suggest that perceived policy enforcement may lessen drinking at school 1 year later and that harm minimization messages and counselling approaches may also lessen harmful drinking behaviours as harm minimization advocates suggest.

%B Health Educ Res %V 28 %P 651-62 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/her/cyt068 %0 Journal Article %J Qual Health Res %D 2013 %T The importance of optimism in maintaining healthy aging in rural Alaska. %A Lewis, Jordan P %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Aging %K Alaska %K Culture %K Educational Status %K Emotions %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Interpersonal Relations %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Qualitative Research %K Rural Population %K Spirituality %X

Many Alaska Native Elders attended government-run boarding schools as children, were forbidden to speak their native language, and were forced to abandon their traditional subsistence lifestyle, yet they maintained an optimistic outlook on life and continued to age well. The Explanatory Model Interview Protocol was adapted to interview a purposive sample of Alaska Native Elders (n = 26) and grounded theory was used to develop a model of successful aging for Alaska Native Elders in Bristol Bay, Alaska. The theme of optimism was significant in the findings and was also found in each of the elements of successful aging, which were spirituality, emotional well-being, community engagement, and physical health. These four elements served as the foundation of the Model of Successful Aging. The Elders believed they were able to age successfully because they continued to be optimistic despite the challenges they faced (and are currently facing) in their communities.

%B Qual Health Res %V 23 %P 1521-7 %8 2013 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1177/1049732313508013 %0 Journal Article %J Implement Sci %D 2013 %T Improving practice in community-based settings: a randomized trial of supervision - study protocol. %A Dorsey, Shannon %A Pullmann, Michael D %A Deblinger, Esther %A Berliner, Lucy %A Kerns, Suzanne E %A Thompson, Kelly %A Unützer, Jürgen %A Weisz, John R %A Garland, Ann F %K Adolescent %K Child %K Cognitive Therapy %K Community Mental Health Centers %K Community Mental Health Services %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Humans %K Interprofessional Relations %K Mental Disorders %K Treatment Outcome %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: Evidence-based treatments for child mental health problems are not consistently available in public mental health settings. Expanding availability requires workforce training. However, research has demonstrated that training alone is not sufficient for changing provider behavior, suggesting that ongoing intervention-specific supervision or consultation is required. Supervision is notably under-investigated, particularly as provided in public mental health. The degree to which supervision in this setting includes 'gold standard' supervision elements from efficacy trials (e.g., session review, model fidelity, outcome monitoring, skill-building) is unknown. The current federally-funded investigation leverages the Washington State Trauma-focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Initiative to describe usual supervision practices and test the impact of systematic implementation of gold standard supervision strategies on treatment fidelity and clinical outcomes.

METHODS/DESIGN: The study has two phases. We will conduct an initial descriptive study (Phase I) of supervision practices within public mental health in Washington State followed by a randomized controlled trial of gold standard supervision strategies (Phase II), with randomization at the clinician level (i.e., supervisors provide both conditions). Study participants will be 35 supervisors and 130 clinicians in community mental health centers. We will enroll one child per clinician in Phase I (N = 130) and three children per clinician in Phase II (N = 390). We use a multi-level mixed within- and between-subjects longitudinal design. Audio recordings of supervision and therapy sessions will be collected and coded throughout both phases. Child outcome data will be collected at the beginning of treatment and at three and six months into treatment.

DISCUSSION: This study will provide insight into how supervisors can optimally support clinicians delivering evidence-based treatments. Phase I will provide descriptive information, currently unavailable in the literature, about commonly used supervision strategies in community mental health. The Phase II randomized controlled trial of gold standard supervision strategies is, to our knowledge, the first experimental study of gold standard supervision strategies in community mental health and will yield needed information about how to leverage supervision to improve clinician fidelity and client outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01800266.

%B Implement Sci %V 8 %P 89 %8 2013 %G eng %R 10.1186/1748-5908-8-89 %0 Journal Article %J J Consult Clin Psychol %D 2013 %T Indicated prevention for college student marijuana use: a randomized controlled trial. %A Lee, Christine M %A Kilmer, Jason R %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Atkins, David C %A Zheng, Cheng %A Walker, Denise D %A Larimer, Mary E %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Feedback, Psychological %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Smoking %K Motivation %K Psychotherapy, Brief %K Students %K Treatment Outcome %K Universities %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Marijuana is the most frequently reported illicit substance used on college campuses. Despite the prevalence, few published intervention studies have focused specifically on addressing high-risk marijuana use on college campuses. The present study evaluated the efficacy of an in-person brief motivational enhancement intervention for reducing marijuana use and related consequences among frequently using college students.

METHOD: Participants included 212 college students from 2 campuses who reported frequent marijuana use (i.e., using marijuana at least 5 times in the past month). Participants completed Web-based screening and baseline assessments and upon completion of the baseline survey were randomized to either an in-person brief intervention or an assessment control group. Follow-up assessments were completed approximately 3 and 6 months post-baseline. Marijuana use was measured by number of days used in the past 30 days, typical number of joints used in a typical week in the last 60 days, and marijuana-related consequences.

RESULTS: Results indicated significant intervention effects on number of joints smoked in a typical week and a trend toward fewer marijuana-related consequences compared with the control group at 3-month follow-up.

CONCLUSION: This study provides preliminary data on short-term effects of a focused marijuana intervention for college students at reducing marijuana use during the academic quarter.

%B J Consult Clin Psychol %V 81 %P 702-9 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0033285 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2013 %T Influences of situational factors and alcohol expectancies on sexual desire and arousal among heavy-episodic drinking women: acute alcohol intoxication and condom availability. %A Gilmore, Amanda K %A George, William H %A Nguyen, Hong V %A Heiman, Julia R %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Norris, Jeanette %K Adult %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Arousal %K Binge Drinking %K Condoms %K Decision Making %K Ethanol %K Female %K Humans %K Libido %K Sexual Behavior %K Social Environment %K Unsafe Sex %X

Although studies suggest that alcohol increases women's sexual desire, no studies to our knowledge have examined the effects of acute alcohol intoxication on women's sexual desire. The majority of research examining alcohol's effects on sexual arousal in women suggests that alcohol increases self-reported arousal. In an alcohol administration study in which women projected themselves into an eroticized scenario depicting a consensual sexual encounter with a new male partner, we examined the effects of alcohol and condom condition on women's sexual desire and arousal. The moderating effects of sex-related alcohol expectancies were also examined. Results revealed that alcohol intoxication was related to less desire to engage in sex with a new partner and condom presence was related to more desire. Alcohol interacted with sexual disinhibition alcohol expectancies, indicating that more expectancy endorsement was associated with greater sexual desire and self-reported arousal in the alcohol condition, but not the control condition. Condom condition had no effect on self-reported sexual arousal. The present research suggests that sexual desire merits research attention in non-clinical samples, and experimental methodology can provide valuable information about alcohol's influence on women's sexual desire, thus advancing our understanding of this relationship beyond cross-sectional correlations. The current findings also provide evidence that sex-related alcohol expectancies may play an important role in alcohol-involved sexual experiences including desire and arousal.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 42 %P 949-59 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10508-013-0109-x %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work %D 2013 %T Latino families in the nexus of child welfare, welfare reform, and immigration policies: is kinship care a lost opportunity? %A Ayon, Cecilia %A Aisenberg, Eugene %A Cimino, Andrea %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Cultural Characteristics %K Emigration and Immigration %K Family Relations %K Health Care Reform %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Social Welfare %K United States %B Soc Work %V 58 %P 91-4 %8 2013 Jan %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Health Care %D 2013 %T Mild traumatic brain injury: implications for social work research and practice with civilian and military populations. %A Moore, Megan %K Afghan Campaign 2001- %K Brain Injuries %K Humans %K Iraq War, 2003-2011 %K Military Personnel %K Social Work %K United States %X

Over one million mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are treated in U.S. hospitals each year. In addition, mTBI has affected thousands of soldiers returning from the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Many individuals experience post-concussive symptoms immediately after mTBI; some experience severe and prolonged symptoms. Symptom etiology is not well understood, and effective psychosocial interventions have not been well developed. Because of the high incidence of mTBI, many social workers in health care settings will come in contact with mTBI patients and need specialized knowledge to provide appropriate services. Social work researchers can contribute to improved services by elucidating symptom course, and developing and testing effective interventions aimed at preventing or alleviating symptoms. This article provides an overview of civilian- and military-related mTBI outcomes and psychosocial interventions. Recommendations for current social work practice and research are made with the goal of improving the care of persons with mTBI.

%B Soc Work Health Care %V 52 %P 498-518 %8 2013 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/00981389.2012.714447 %0 Journal Article %J Pediatrics %D 2013 %T Modifying media content for preschool children: a randomized controlled trial. %A Christakis, Dimitri A %A Garrison, Michelle M %A Herrenkohl, Todd %A Haggerty, Kevin %A Rivara, Frederick P %A Zhou, Chuan %A Liekweg, Kimberly %K Aggression %K Child Behavior %K Child, Preschool %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Male %K Mass Media %K Prospective Studies %K Social Behavior %K Television %X

BACKGROUND: Although previous studies have revealed that preschool-aged children imitate both aggression and prosocial behaviors on screen, there have been few population-based studies designed to reduce aggression in preschool-aged children by modifying what they watch.

METHODS: We devised a media diet intervention wherein parents were assisted in substituting high quality prosocial and educational programming for aggression-laden programming without trying to reduce total screen time. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of 565 parents of preschool-aged children ages 3 to 5 years recruited from community pediatric practices. Outcomes were derived from the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation at 6 and 12 months.

RESULTS: At 6 months, the overall mean Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation score was 2.11 points better (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.78-3.44) in the intervention group as compared with the controls, and similar effects were observed for the externalizing subscale (0.68 [95% CI: 0.06-1.30]) and the social competence subscale (1.04 [95% CI: 0.34-1.74]). The effect for the internalizing subscale was in a positive direction but was not statistically significant (0.42 [95% CI: -0.14 to 0.99]). Although the effect sizes did not noticeably decay at 12 months, the effect on the externalizing subscale was no longer statistically significant (P = .05). In a stratified analysis of the effect on the overall scores, low-income boys appeared to derive the greatest benefit (6.48 [95% CI: 1.60-11.37]).

CONCLUSIONS: An intervention to reduce exposure to screen violence and increase exposure to prosocial programming can positively impact child behavior.

%B Pediatrics %V 131 %P 431-8 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1542/peds.2012-1493 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc %D 2013 %T Multidimensional characterization of sexual minority adolescents' sexual safety strategies. %A Masters, N Tatiana %A Beadnell, Blair %A Morrison, Diane M %A Hoppe, Marilyn J %A Wells, Elizabeth A %K Adolescent %K Bisexuality %K Female %K Homosexuality, Female %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Male %K Minority Groups %K Safe Sex %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Transgender Persons %X

Young adults have high rates of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sexual minority youths' risk for STIs, including HIV, is as high as or higher than sexual majority peers'. Sexual safety, while often treated as a single behavior such as condom use, can be best conceptualized as the result of multiple factors. We used latent class analysis to identify profiles based on ever-used sexual safety strategies and lifetime number of partners among 425 self-identified LGBTQ youth aged 14-19. Data collection took place anonymously online. We identified four specific subgroup profiles for males and three for females, with each subgroup representing a different level and type of sexual safety. Profiles differed from each other in terms of age and outness for males, and in outness, personal homonegativity, and amount of education received about sexual/romantic relationships for females. Youths' sexual safety profiles have practice implications for sexuality educators, health care professionals, and parents.

%B J Adolesc %V 36 %P 953-61 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.008 %0 Journal Article %J Infect Dis Clin North Am %D 2013 %T Mycoplasma genitalium: An emergent sexually transmitted disease? %A Manhart, Lisa E %K Anti-Bacterial Agents %K Communicable Diseases, Emerging %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mycoplasma genitalium %K Mycoplasma Infections %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Bacterial %X

This article summarizes the epidemiologic evidence linking Mycoplasma genitalium to sexually transmitted disease syndromes, including male urethritis, and female cervicitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and adverse birth outcomes. It discusses the relationship of this bacterium to human immunodeficiency virus infection and reviews the available literature on the efficacy of standard antimicrobial therapies against M genitalium.

%B Infect Dis Clin North Am %V 27 %P 779-92 %8 2013 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.idc.2013.08.003 %0 Journal Article %J Sex Transm Dis %D 2013 %T Mycoplasma Genitalium infection in sub-Saharan Africa: how big is the problem? %A Manhart, Lisa E %A McClelland, R Scott %K Africa South of the Sahara %K Cohort Studies %K Communicable Diseases, Emerging %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Female %K HIV Seropositivity %K Humans %K Mycoplasma genitalium %K Mycoplasma Infections %K Sentinel Surveillance %K Virus Shedding %B Sex Transm Dis %V 40 %P 428-30 %8 2013 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3182924b3b %0 Journal Article %J J Gerontol Soc Work %D 2013 %T Nonpharmacological pain management by ethnically diverse older adults with chronic pain: barriers and facilitators. %A Park, Juyoung %A Hirz, Christina E %A Manotas, Karen %A Hooyman, Nancy %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Chronic Pain %K Communication %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Pain Management %K Social Support %K Social Work %K Transportation %X

As key players in multidisciplinary health care systems, geriatric social workers must understand the dynamics of pain management among older adults with chronic pain. This study identified perceived barriers to, and facilitators for, utilizing nonpharmacological pain management through face-to-face interviews with 44 ethnically diverse community-dwelling older adults. Constant comparative analysis identified barriers not recognized in prior studies: (a) embarrassment/self-consciousness, (b) unavailability of certain treatments, and (c) lack of faith in effectiveness of nonpharmacological treatments. Most frequently reported facilitators were (a) social support, (b) positive attitude, and (c) available resources. Social workers can provide counseling to motivate older adults to exercise to manage chronic pain and refer them to exercise programs tailored for older adults. To resolve the most frequently reported barrier-transportation-social workers can link older adults with transportation services offered by senior centers or other nonprofit agencies.

%B J Gerontol Soc Work %V 56 %P 487-508 %8 2013 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1080/01634372.2013.808725 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2013 %T Nonresponse to a question on self-identified sexual orientation in a public health survey and its relationship to race and ethnicity. %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %K Adult %K African Americans %K Asian Americans %K Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System %K Continental Population Groups %K Ethnic Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Self Report %K Sexual Behavior %K Washington %X

We examined whether nonresponse to the survey question on self-identified sexual orientation was associated with race and ethnicity, utilizing Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data. The results of adjusted multinomial logistic regression indicated that the nonresponse rates of Asian Americans, Hispanics, and African Americans are higher than those of non-Hispanic Whites. Innovative ways of measuring sexual orientation to reduce racially and ethnically driven bias need to be developed and integrated into public health surveys.

%B Am J Public Health %V 103 %P 67-9 %8 2013 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300835 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Vict %D 2013 %T Parent and peer predictors of violent behavior of Black and White teens. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Skinner, Martie L %A McGlynn-Wright, Anne %A Catalano, Richard F %A Crutchfield, Robert D %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parenting %K Peer Group %K Poverty %K Prospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study examines the role that parenting and deviant peers play on frequency of self-reported violent behavior in the 10th grade while testing race differences in mean levels and impact of these risk and protective factors. The level and impact of family and peer factors on violent behavior across race are modeled prospectively from 8th to 10th grade in a sample of 331 (Black [n = 163], White [n = 168]) families from Seattle, Washington, using data from self-administered computer-assisted questionnaires. Mean-level differences indicated greater levels of violent behavior and risk for Black teens in some cases and higher protection in others. Multiple-group structural equation modeling indicated no race differences in predictors of teen violence. Income was also predictive of violent behavior, but analyses including both income and race indicated their relationships to violence overlapped so neither was uniquely predictive. Subsequent logistic regressions revealed that both race and income differences in violent behavior were mediated by association with friends who get in serious trouble at school. We conclude that higher rates of self-reported violent behavior by Blacks compared to Whites are attributable to lower family income and higher rates of associating with deviant peers at school.

%B Violence Vict %V 28 %P 145-60 %8 2013 %G eng %N 1 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2013 %T Patterns of alcohol use and expectancies predict sexual risk taking among non-problem drinking women. %A Stappenbeck, Cynthia A %A Norris, Jeanette %A Kiekel, Preston A %A Morrison, Diane M %A George, William H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Zawacki, Tina %A Jacques-Tiura, Angela J %A Abdallah, Devon Alisa %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Although alcohol consumption and sexual risk taking are associated, not everyone who drinks alcohol engages in risky sexual behavior. The purposes of the present study were to identify patterns of alcohol use behaviors and alcohol expectancies among women who are non-problem drinkers and to examine how these patterns are associated with indices of sexual risk.

METHOD: Data from 758 non-problem drinking women who have sex with men and were not in committed relationships were analyzed using latent profile analysis to determine patterns of alcohol use and alcohol-related expectancies.

RESULTS: Of the four patterns observed, three classes had similar alcohol-related expectancies but differed with respect to drinking behavior (moderate drinking, regular heavy episodes, and frequent heavy episodes), and the fourth class consisted of moderate drinkers with low expectancies (low expectancies). Results revealed that those in the frequent heavy episodes class had the greatest number of sexual partners in the past year and drank the most alcohol before having sex compared with the other women. Both the regular and frequent heavy episodes classes reported greater likelihood of having unprotected sex in the future, more positive beliefs about casual sex, and greater subjective intoxication before having sex than women in the moderate drinking or low expectancies classes. Women in the low expectancies class reported less positive beliefs about condoms than those in the moderate drinking and regular heavy episodes classes.

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that different patterns of expectancies and drinking behaviors are associated with different indices of sexual risk taking and highlight the importance of individually tailored programs for prevention of sexually transmitted infections.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 74 %P 223-32 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Trauma Violence Abuse %D 2013 %T Person-environment interactions and the shaping of resilience. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Adult %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Humans %K Psychological Techniques %K Resilience, Psychological %K Social Environment %K Social Support %B Trauma Violence Abuse %V 14 %P 191-4 %8 2013 Jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/1524838013491035 %0 Journal Article %J Gerontologist %D 2013 %T The physical and mental health of lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults: the role of key health indicators and risk and protective factors. %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Emlet, Charles A %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Muraco, Anna %A Erosheva, Elena A %A Goldsen, Jayn %A Hoy-Ellis, Charles P %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Bisexuality %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depression %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Services Accessibility %K Health Status %K Health Status Indicators %K Homosexuality, Female %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Minority Health %K Quality of Life %K Resilience, Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Social Stigma %K Social Support %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

PURPOSE: Based on resilience theory, this paper investigates the influence of key health indicators and risk and protective factors on health outcomes (including general health, disability, and depression) among lesbian, gay male, and bisexual (LGB) older adults.

DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with LGB older adults, aged 50 and older (N = 2,439). Logistic regressions were conducted to examine the contributions of key health indicators (access to health care and health behaviors), risk factors (lifetime victimization, internalized stigma, and sexual identity concealment), and protective factors (social support and social network size) to health outcomes, when controlling for background characteristics.

RESULTS: The findings revealed that lifetime victimization, financial barriers to health care, obesity, and limited physical activity independently and significantly accounted for poor general health, disability, and depression among LGB older adults. Internalized stigma was also a significant predictor of disability and depression. Social support and social network size served as protective factors, decreasing the odds of poor general health, disability, and depression. Some distinct differences by gender and sexual orientation were also observed.

IMPLICATIONS: High levels of poor general health, disability, and depression among LGB older adults are of major concern. These findings highlight the important role of key risk and protective factors, which significantly influences health outcomes among LGB older adults. Tailored interventions must be developed to address the distinct health issues facing this historically disadvantaged population.

%B Gerontologist %V 53 %P 664-75 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/geront/gns123 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2013 %T Predicting steep escalations in alcohol use over the teenage years: Age-related variations in key social influences. %A Chan, G C K %A Kelly, Adrian B %A Toumbourou, John W %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Young, R M %A Haynes, Michele A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Attitude %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Nuclear Family %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Self Report %K Social Environment %K Students %K Victoria %X

AIMS: This study examined how family, peer and school factors are related to different trajectories of adolescent alcohol use at key developmental periods.

DESIGN: Latent class growth analysis was used to identify trajectories based on five waves of data (from grade 6, age 12 to grade 11, age 17), with predictors at grades 5, 7 and 9 included as covariates.

SETTING: Adolescents completed surveys during school hours.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 808 students in Victoria, Australia.

MEASUREMENTS: Alcohol use trajectories were based on self-reports of 30-day frequency of alcohol use. Predictors included sibling alcohol use, attachment to parents, parental supervision, parental attitudes favourable to adolescent alcohol use, peer alcohol use and school commitment.

FINDINGS: A total of 8.2% showed steep escalation in alcohol use. Relative to non-users, steep escalators were predicted by age-specific effects for low school commitment at grade 7 (P = 0.031) and parental attitudes at grade 5 (P = 0.003), and age-generalized effects for sibling alcohol use (Ps = 0.001, 0.012, 0.033 at grades 5, 7 and 9, respectively) and peer alcohol use (Ps = 0.041, < 0.001, < 0.001 at grades 5, 7 and 9, respectively). Poor parental supervision was associated with steep escalators at grade 9 (P < 0.001) but not the other grades. Attachment to parents was unrelated to alcohol trajectories.

CONCLUSIONS: Parental disapproval of alcohol use before transition to high school, low school commitment at transition to high school, and sibling and peer alcohol use during adolescence are associated with a higher risk of steep escalations in alcohol use.

%B Addiction %V 108 %P 1924-32 %8 2013 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1111/add.12295 %0 Journal Article %J J Gerontol Soc Work %D 2013 %T Preparing social workers with person-centered and participant-directed services for the changing aging and disability network. %A Hooyman, Nancy R %A Mahoney, Kevin %A Sciegaj, Mark %K Aged %K Aging %K Health Services for the Aged %K Humans %K Needs Assessment %K Patient-Centered Care %K Problem-Based Learning %K Professional Competence %K Social Support %K Social Work %B J Gerontol Soc Work %V 56 %P 573-9 %8 2013 %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1080/01634372.2013.837296 %0 Journal Article %J Med Care %D 2013 %T Prevalence, risk, and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder across ethnic and racial minority groups in the United States. %A Alegría, Margarita %A Fortuna, Lisa R %A Lin, Julia Y %A Norris, Fran H %A Gao, Shan %A Takeuchi, David T %A Jackson, James S %A Shrout, Patrick E %A Valentine, Anne %K Adolescent %K Adult %K African Americans %K Aged %K Asian Americans %K Continental Population Groups %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Patient Acuity %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Social Support %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K United States %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: We assess whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) varies in prevalence, diagnostic criteria endorsement, and type and frequency of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) among a nationally representative US sample of 5071 non-Latino whites, 3264 Latinos, 2178 Asians, 4249 African Americans, and 1476 Afro-Caribbeans.

METHODS: PTSD and other psychiatric disorders were evaluated using the World Mental Health-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (WMH-CIDI) in a national household sample that oversampled ethnic/racial minorities (n=16,238) but was weighted to produce results representative of the general population.

RESULTS: Asians have lower prevalence rates of probable lifetime PTSD, whereas African Americans have higher rates as compared with non-Latino whites, even after adjusting for type and number of exposures to traumatic events, and for sociodemographic, clinical, and social support factors. Afro-Caribbeans and Latinos seem to demonstrate similar risk to non-Latino whites, adjusting for these same covariates. Higher rates of probable PTSD exhibited by African Americans and lower rates for Asians, as compared with non-Latino whites, do not appear related to differential symptom endorsement, differences in risk or protective factors, or differences in types and frequencies of PTEs across groups.

CONCLUSIONS: There appears to be marked differences in conditional risk of probable PTSD across ethnic/racial groups. Questions remain about what explains risk of probable PTSD. Several factors that might account for these differences are discussed, as well as the clinical implications of our findings. Uncertainty of the PTSD diagnostic assessment for Latinos and Asians requires further evaluation.

%B Med Care %V 51 %P 1114-23 %8 2013 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1097/MLR.0000000000000007 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Use Misuse %D 2013 %T Reaching soldiers with untreated substance use disorder: lessons learned in the development of a marketing campaign for the Warrior Check-Up study. %A Walton, Thomas O %A Walker, Denise D %A Kaysen, Debra L %A Roffman, Roger A %A Mbilinyi, Lyungai %A Neighbors, Clayton %K Adult %K Community-Institutional Relations %K Female %K Focus Groups %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Marketing %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Military Personnel %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Program Development %K Program Evaluation %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K United States Department of Defense %X

The Warrior Check-Up, a confidential telephone-delivered intervention, is designed to reach active-duty soldiers with untreated substance-use disorder at a large U.S. military base. This paper describes the development and successful implementation of the study's marketing strategies at the recruitment period's midpoint (2010-2012). Qualitative analyses of focus groups (n = 26) and survey responses (n = 278) describe the process of campaign design. Measures of demographics, media exposure, post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression gathered from callers (n = 172) are used in quantitative analysis assessing the campaign's success in reaching this population. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed. Department of Defense provided study funding.

%B Subst Use Misuse %V 48 %P 908-21 %8 2013 Jul %G eng %N 10 %R 10.3109/10826084.2013.797996 %0 Journal Article %J Monogr Soc Res Child Dev %D 2013 %T Relationship processes and resilience in children with incarcerated parents. %A Poehlmann, Julie %A Eddy, J Mark %A Dallaire, Danielle H %A Zeman, Janice L %A Myers, Barbara J %A Mackintosh, Virginia %A Kuznetsova, Maria I %A Lotze, Geri M %A Best, Al M %A Ravindran, Neeraja %A Loper, Ann Booker %A Clarke, Caitlin Novero %A McHale, James P %A Salman, Selin %A Strozier, Anne %A Cecil, Dawn K %A Martinez, Charles R %A Burraston, Bert %K Bullying %K Child %K Child Custody %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Emotions %K Empathy %K Female %K Humans %K Intergenerational Relations %K Male %K Object Attachment %K Parenting %K Peer Group %K Prisoners %K Resilience, Psychological %X

Children with incarcerated parents are at risk for a variety of problematic outcomes, yet research has rarely examined protective factors or resilience processes that might mitigate such risk in this population. In this volume, we present findings from five new studies that focus on child- or family-level resilience processes in children with parents currently or recently incarcerated in jail or prison. In the first study, empathic responding is examined as a protective factor against aggressive peer relations for 210 elementary school age children of incarcerated parents. The second study further examines socially aggressive behaviors with peers, with a focus on teasing and bullying, in a sample of 61 children of incarcerated mothers. Emotion regulation is examined as a possible protective factor. The third study contrasts children's placement with maternal grandmothers versus other caregivers in a sample of 138 mothers incarcerated in a medium security state prison. The relation between a history of positive attachments between mothers and grandmothers and the current cocaregiving alliance are of particular interest. The fourth study examines coparenting communication in depth on the basis of observations of 13 families with young children whose mothers were recently released from jail. Finally, in the fifth study, the proximal impacts of a parent management training intervention on individual functioning and family relationships are investigated in a diverse sample of 359 imprisoned mothers and fathers. Taken together, these studies further our understanding of resilience processes in children of incarcerated parents and their families and set the groundwork for further research on child development and family resilience within the context of parental involvement in the criminal justice system.

%B Monogr Soc Res Child Dev %V 78 %P vii-viii, 1-129 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1111/mono.12017 %0 Journal Article %J Trauma Violence Abuse %D 2013 %T A review of developmental research on resilience in maltreated children. %A Klika, J B %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Behavioral Research %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Behavior %K Child Development %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Longitudinal Studies %K Resilience, Psychological %K Social Adjustment %K Time %X

Research demonstrates that child maltreatment can negatively impact the psychosocial functioning of individuals well beyond the point at which the trauma occurs. Fortunately, there is evidence that many children who are maltreated succeed in overcoming some of the possible consequences that can follow exposure to this particular form of adversity. Those who do are thought to be resilient. What it means to be resilient is an issue that researchers sometimes disagree on, as is reflected by the different definitions they apply to the term and the methods they use to study the phenomenon. In this literature review, we synthesize current findings on resilience and identify areas of congruence, as well as inconsistency in research methods across the reviewed studies. We focus the review exclusively on longitudinal studies to understand the dynamic qualities of resilience. Findings of the review suggest that, while studies appear to conceptualize and measure common domains of resilience (e.g., social, emotional, behavioral functioning), the measures themselves are in some cases notably different, limiting the extent to which results can be systemically compared across studies. The review also shows that few studies, although longitudinal by design, examine resilience over extended periods of development. Consequently, little has actually been learned about how patterns of resilience unfold and are sustained. Of those studies that do examine resilience as a developmental process, the rate of stability in resilience across time is notably low. Implications for future research are discussed.

%B Trauma Violence Abuse %V 14 %P 222-34 %8 2013 Jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/1524838013487808 %0 Journal Article %J Gerontologist %D 2013 %T Risk and protective factors associated with health-related quality of life among older gay and bisexual men living with HIV disease. %A Emlet, Charles A %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Aging %K Bisexuality %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Health Status %K HIV Infections %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Prevalence %K Quality of Life %K Risk Factors %K Social Support %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

PURPOSE: To identify risk and protective factors associated with mental and physical health-related quality of life, after controlling for key background characteristics, in a population of older gay and bisexual men living with HIV disease. Previous research examining quality of life among persons living with HIV rarely includes older adults.

DESIGN AND METHODS: Survey responses from 226 gay and bisexual men aged 50 and older, and living with HIV disease, which were part of the Caring and Aging with Pride study, were analyzed using multivariate linear regression models.

RESULTS: Findings reveal that comorbidity, limitations in activities, and victimization are significant risk factors for decreased physical and mental health-related quality of life. Stigma and HIV progression did not contribute to the overall outcome variables in multivariate models. Social support and self-efficacy serve as protective factors although social support was only significant with mental health-related quality of life.

IMPLICATIONS: Comorbidity, functional limitations, and lifetime victimization are risks to quality of life among older gay and bisexual men with HIV disease. Self-efficacy and social support represent intrapersonal and interpersonal resources that can be enhanced through interventions to improve health-related quality of life.

%B Gerontologist %V 53 %P 963-72 %8 2013 Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1093/geront/gns191 %0 Journal Article %J Subst Use Misuse %D 2013 %T The role of gender in the association between child maltreatment and substance use behavior: a systematic review of longitudinal research from 1995 to 2011. %A Kristman-Valente, Allison %A Wells, Elizabeth A %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Sex Characteristics %K Sex Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

This systematic review analyzes the role of gender in the association between childhood maltreatment and substance use outcomes, among longitudinal papers published between 1995 and 2011. Ten papers examined gender as a moderating variable. Results on gender differences were mixed. When studies that found no gender effects were compared with studies that did identify gender effects, differences in measurement, sample composition, and developmental timing of outcomes were identified. This review also examines how gender effects are assessed. Implications and limitations of these findings are discussed. Areas for future research are identified.

%B Subst Use Misuse %V 48 %P 645-60 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 8 %R 10.3109/10826084.2013.800115 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2013 %T Safety and risk assessment frameworks: overview and implications for child maltreatment fatalities. %A Pecora, Peter J %A Chahine, Zeinab %A Graham, J Christopher %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Welfare %K Decision Making %K Homicide %K Humans %K Models, Theoretical %K Risk Assessment %K Safety %K Social Work %X

This article highlights current models used in child protection to assess safety and risk, and discusses implications for child maltreatment fatalities. The authors advance that current risk and safety practice approaches were not designed to accurately estimate the likelihood of low base-rate phenomena and have not been empirically tested in their ability to predict or prevent severe or fatal child maltreatment. They advance that, regardless of the ultimate effectiveness of safety and risk tools, competent assessment and decision-making in child protection depend on sound professional judgment and a comprehensive systemic approach that transcends the use of specific tools.

%B Child Welfare %V 92 %P 143-60 %8 2013 %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2013 %T School factors as moderators of the relationship between physical child abuse and pathways of antisocial behavior. %A Klika, J B %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Lee, J O %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child, Preschool %K Educational Status %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Intelligence %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Student Dropouts %X

Physical child abuse is a predictor of antisocial behavior in adolescence and adulthood. Few studies have investigated factors that moderate the risk of physical child abuse for later occurring outcomes, including antisocial behavior. This analysis uses data from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study to investigate the prediction of antisocial behavior from physical child abuse and the buffering role of 3 school-related factors (i.e., school commitment, school dropout, and IQ), which are hypothesized to change the course of antisocial behavior from childhood into the adult years. Results show an association between physical child abuse and early antisocial behavior. Early antisocial behavior predicts antisocial behavior in adolescence, and that, in turn, predicts antisocial behavior in adulthood. Child IQ moderated the relationship between child physical abuse and antisocial behavior in childhood. However, no other moderation effects were observed. Limitations and implications for future research and prevention are discussed.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 28 %P 852-67 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/0886260512455865 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Public Health %D 2013 %T Science-based prevention through Communities That Care: A model of social work practice for public health. %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Shapiro, Valerie B %K Alcoholism %K Community Medicine %K Continuity of Patient Care %K Evidence-Based Practice %K Guidelines as Topic %K Humans %K Models, Organizational %K Public Health Practice %K Risk Factors %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

This article describes a public health orientation to drug and alcohol abuse prevention; reviews the state of the science underlying a risk and protective factor approach to alcohol and drug abuse prevention; describes Communities That Care, a community practice model that makes use of this evidence; and considers how this model reflects four important principles of social work practice. The intent of this article is to provide guidance to social workers who support the National Association of Social Work's intention to make prevention practice central to the provision of alcohol and drug abuse services by social workers.

%B Soc Work Public Health %V 28 %P 349-65 %8 2013 %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1080/19371918.2013.774812 %0 Journal Article %J J Sex Res %D 2013 %T Sexual scripts among young heterosexually active men and women: continuity and change. %A Masters, N Tatiana %A Casey, Erin %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Morrison, Diane M %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Female %K Heterosexuality %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Sexual Behavior %K Young Adult %X

Whereas gendered sexual scripts are hegemonic at the cultural level, research suggests they may be less so at dyadic and individual levels. Understanding "disjunctures" between sexual scripts at different levels holds promise for illuminating mechanisms through which sexual scripts can change. Through interviews with 44 heterosexually active men and women aged 18 to 25, the ways young people grappled with culture-level scripts for sexuality and relationships were delineated. Findings suggest that, although most participants' culture-level gender scripts for behavior in sexual relationships were congruent with descriptions of traditional masculine and feminine sexuality, there was heterogeneity in how or whether these scripts were incorporated into individual relationships. Specifically, three styles of working with sexual scripts were found: conforming, in which personal gender scripts for sexual behavior overlapped with traditional scripts; exception-finding, in which interviewees accepted culture-level gender scripts as a reality, but created exceptions to gender rules for themselves; and transforming, in which participants either attempted to remake culture-level gender scripts or interpreted their own nontraditional styles as equally normative. Changing sexual scripts can potentially contribute to decreased gender inequity in the sexual realm and to increased opportunities for sexual satisfaction, safety, and well-being, particularly for women, but for men as well.

%B J Sex Res %V 50 %P 409-20 %8 2013 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/00224499.2012.661102 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2013 %T Social identity as a moderator of the association between perceived norms and marijuana use. %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Foster, Dawn W %A Walker, Denise D %A Kilmer, Jason R %A Lee, Christine M %K Adult %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Marijuana Smoking %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Social Identification %K Students %X

OBJECTIVE: This study extends previous examinations of social influences and marijuana use in considering how heavy marijuana users view themselves relative to their peers. We were specifically interested in evaluating whether (a) heavy-using marijuana users would identify more strongly with other users than with typical students, (b) identification with other marijuana users would be more strongly associated with own use, and (c) the association between perceived norms and marijuana use would be moderated by identification with peers.

METHOD: Participants were 107 heavy (five or more times per month) marijuana users who completed an online survey assessing perceived norms for marijuana use, identification with typical students and other marijuana-using students, and marijuana use (frequency of use, joints per week, and hours high).

RESULTS: Participants unexpectedly identified more strongly with typical students rather than with other marijuana-using students. Identification with other marijuana users was, however, associated with more use. In addition, perceived norms were associated with more use but primarily among those who identified more with other users but not with typical students.

CONCLUSIONS: Heavy marijuana users may be reluctant to identify themselves as users and may prefer to think of themselves as typical students. This may provide clinical opportunities to highlight discrepancies. In addition, identification with other users and lack of identification with typical students may be risk factors for heavier use and good indicators of candidacy for norms-based interventions. In sum, the present findings extend our understanding of the influence of social identity among young adult marijuana users and suggest novel directions for intervention strategies.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 74 %P 479-83 %8 2013 May %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Public Health %D 2013 %T Social workers and delivery of evidence-based psychosocial treatments for substance use disorders. %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Kristman-Valente, Allison N %A Peavy, K Michelle %A Jackson, T Ron %K Behavior Therapy %K Cognitive Therapy %K Evidence-Based Practice %K Family Therapy %K Humans %K Psychology %K Psychotherapy %K Secondary Prevention %K Social Work %K Substance Abuse Treatment Centers %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Therapeutic Community %X

Social workers encounter individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) in a variety of settings. With changes in health care policy and a movement toward integration of health and behavioral health services, social workers will play an increased role vis-á-vis SUD. As direct service providers, administrators, care managers, and policy makers, they will select, deliver, or advocate for delivery of evidence-based SUD treatment practices. This article provides an overview of effective psychosocial SUD treatment approaches. In addition to describing the treatments, the article discusses empirical support, populations for whom the treatments are known to be efficacious, and implementation issues.

%B Soc Work Public Health %V 28 %P 279-301 %8 2013 %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1080/19371918.2013.759033 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2013 %T Sustained effects of the Communities That Care system on prevention service system transformation. %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Briney, John S %K Adolescent %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Residence Characteristics %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: We examined whether the Communities That Care (CTC) system sustained effects 1.5 years after study funding ended on prevention system constructs expected to be important for community-level reductions in drug use and antisocial behaviors among youths.

METHODS: Data were from a community trial of 24 towns in the United States randomized to either the CTC intervention or control conditions. Participants were 928 community key leaders interviewed at 1 to 4 waves from 2001 to 2009. Intervention activities, including training and technical assistance, were conducted between 2003 and 2008 in the CTC communities.

RESULTS: Leaders from CTC communities reported higher levels of adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and a higher percentage of funding desired for prevention activities in 2009 than did leaders in control communities. CTC communities showed a higher increase over time in community norms against adolescent drug use as well as adoption of a science-based approach compared with control communities.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that CTC implementation produced enduring transformation of important prevention system constructs in intervention communities, which might, in turn, produce long-term reductions in youth problem behaviors.

%B Am J Public Health %V 103 %P 529-35 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300567 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2013 %T Tests of the mitigating effects of caring and supportive relationships in the study of abusive disciplining over two generations. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Klika, J B %A Brown, Eric C %A Herrenkohl, Roy C %A Leeb, Rebecca T %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child, Preschool %K Empathy %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Infant %K Intergenerational Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Regression Analysis %K Sex Factors %K Sexual Partners %K Social Class %K Social Support %X

PURPOSE: To examine evidence of the continuity in abusive discipline across two generations (G1 and G2) and the role of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships (SSNRs) as protective factors.

METHODS: Data are from the Lehigh Longitudinal Study, a prospective investigation of the causes and consequences child maltreatment that began in the 1970s with a sample of 457 children and their parents. Data were most recently collected in 2008-2010 from 80% of the original child sample (N = 357) when they were adults age 36 years on average. Of those assessed as adults, 268 participants (G2s) were parenting children and thus comprise the analysis sample. Analyses examined the association between harsh physical discipline practices by G1 parents and G2's reports of similarly severe discipline practices used in parenting their own children. Analyses also investigated the direct and interactive (protective) effects of SSNR variables that pertain to the care, warmth, and support children received from their mothers, fathers, and siblings over their lifetimes. A measure of an adult partner's warmth and support was also included. A case-level examination of G2 harsh discipliners was included to investigate other forms of past and more recent forms of abuse exposure.

RESULTS: Results show a significant predictive association between physical discipline by G1 and G2 parents (β = .30; p < .05; odds ratio, 1.14; confidence interval, 1.04-1.26), after accounting for childhood socioeconomic status and gender. Whereas being harshly disciplined as a child was inversely related to reports of having had a caring relationship with one's mother (r = -.25; p < .01), only care and support from one's father predicted a lower risk of harsh physical discipline by G2s (β = -.24; p < .05; odds ratio, .74; confidence interval, .59-.92). None of the SSNR variables moderated the effect of G1 discipline on G2 discipline. A case-level examination of the abusive histories of G2 harsh discipliners found they had in some instances been exposed to physical and emotional abuse by multiple caregivers and by adult partners.

CONCLUSIONS: There is continuity in physical disciplining over two generations. SSNRs measured in this study did not mediate or moderate the effect of G1 on G2 harsh physical discipline, although care and support from fathers was inversely related to the likelihood of G2 harsh physical discipline. This relationship is independent of abuse in childhood. Research is needed to identify factors that interrupt the intergenerational continuity of harsh physical (abusive) disciplining so that promising interventions can be developed and implemented.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 53 %P S18-24 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %N 4 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.009 %0 Journal Article %J Suicide Life Threat Behav %D 2013 %T Trajectories of depressive symptoms and externalizing behaviors across adolescence: associations with histories of suicide attempt and ideation in early adulthood. %A Kerr, David C R %A Reinke, Wendy M %A Eddy, J Mark %K Adolescent %K Behavioral Symptoms %K Case-Control Studies %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Suicidal Ideation %K Suicide, Attempted %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

We examined associations between adolescent problem trajectories and suicide risk outcomes in 361 community participants. Depressive symptoms (self-report) and externalizing behaviors (parent report) were assessed six times from grades 5 to 10. Parallel process linear growth curves indicated that lifetime suicide attempt history assessed to age 25 was associated with higher intercept (grade 5) and slope (increases from grades 5 to 10) of depressive symptoms and higher slope of externalizing behaviors. Both problem intercepts predicted suicidal ideation at ages 18 to 25 years. Adolescent depressive and externalizing symptom trajectories showed independent associations with suicide risk. Preventive intervention that occurs prior to the developmental period in which suicidal thoughts and behaviors show peak prevalence is expected to prevent suicide.

%B Suicide Life Threat Behav %V 43 %P 50-66 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/j.1943-278X.2012.00127.x %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatr %D 2013 %T Twelve-month follow-up of cognitive behavioral therapy for children with functional abdominal pain. %A Levy, Rona L %A Langer, Shelby L %A Walker, Lynn S %A Romano, Joan M %A Christie, Dennis L %A Youssef, Nader %A DuPen, Melissa M %A Ballard, Sheri A %A Labus, Jennifer %A Welsh, Ericka %A Feld, Lauren D %A Whitehead, William E %K Abdominal Pain %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Cognitive Therapy %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Gastrointestinal Diseases %K Humans %K Illness Behavior %K Linear Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Pain Measurement %K Parent-Child Relations %K Prospective Studies %K Treatment Outcome %X

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a brief intervention for children with functional abdominal pain and their parents' responses to their child's pain resulted in improved coping 12 months later.

DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, longitudinal study.

SETTING: Families were recruited during a 4-year period in Seattle, Washington, and Morristown, New Jersey.

PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred children with persistent functional abdominal pain and their parents.

INTERVENTIONS: A 3-session social learning and cognitive behavioral therapy intervention or an education and support intervention.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Child symptoms and pain-coping responses were monitored using standard instruments, as was parental response to child pain behavior. Data were collected at baseline and after treatment (1 week and 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment). This article reports the 12-month data.

RESULTS: Relative to children in the education and support group, children in the social learning and cognitive behavioral therapy group reported greater baseline to 12-month follow-up decreases in gastrointestinal symptom severity (estimated mean difference, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.63 to -0.01) and greater improvements in pain-coping responses (estimated mean difference, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.26 to 1.02). Relative to parents in the education and support group, parents in the social learning and cognitive behavioral therapy group reported greater baseline to 12-month decreases in solicitous responses to their child's symptoms (estimated mean difference, -0.22; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.03) and greater decreases in maladaptive beliefs regarding their child's pain (estimated mean difference, -0.36; 95% CI, -0.59 to -0.13).

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest long-term efficacy of a brief intervention to reduce parental solicitousness and increase coping skills. This strategy may be a viable alternative for children with functional abdominal pain.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00494260.

%B JAMA Pediatr %V 167 %P 178-84 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/2013.jamapediatrics.282 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2013 %T Using genetically informed, randomized prevention trials to test etiological hypotheses about child and adolescent drug use and psychopathology. %A Brody, Gene H %A Beach, Steven R H %A Hill, Karl G %A Howe, George W %A Prado, Guillermo %A Fullerton, Stephanie M %K Adolescent %K Child %K Gene-Environment Interaction %K Genetics, Behavioral %K Humans %K Molecular Biology %K Psychopathology %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Research Design %K Risk Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

In this essay, we describe a new era of public health research in which prevention science principles are combined with genomic science to produce gene × intervention (G × I) research. We note the roles of behavioral and molecular genetics in risk and protective mechanisms for drug use and psychopathology among children and adolescents, and the results of first-generation genetically informed prevention trials are reviewed. We also consider the need for second-generation research that focuses on G × I effects on mediators or intermediate processes. This research can be used to further understanding of etiological processes, to identify individual differences in children's and adolescents' responses to risk, and to increase the precision of prevention programs. We note the caveats about using genetic data to select intervention participants.

%B Am J Public Health %V 103 Suppl 1 %P S19-24 %8 2013 Oct %G eng %R 10.2105/AJPH.2012.301080 %0 Journal Article %J Stat Med %D 2013 %T Using group-based latent class transition models to analyze chronic disability data from the National Long-Term Care Survey 1984-2004. %A White, Toby A %A Erosheva, Elena A %K Activities of Daily Living %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Disabled Persons %K Humans %K Models, Statistical %K Prevalence %K United States %X

Latent class transition models track how individuals move among latent classes through time, traditionally assuming a complete set of observations for each individual. In this paper, we develop group-based latent class transition models that allow for staggered entry and exit, common in surveys with rolling enrollment designs. Such models are conceptually similar to, but structurally distinct from, pattern mixture models of the missing data literature. We employ group-based latent class transition modeling to conduct an in-depth data analysis of recent trends in chronic disability among the U.S. elderly population. Using activities of daily living data from the National Long-Term Care Survey (NLTCS), 1982-2004, we estimate model parameters using the expectation-maximization algorithm, implemented in SAS PROC IML. Our findings indicate that declines in chronic disability prevalence, observed in the 1980s and 1990s, did not continue in the early 2000s as previous NLTCS cross-sectional analyses have indicated.

%B Stat Med %V 32 %P 3569-89 %8 2013 Sep 10 %G eng %N 20 %R 10.1002/sim.5782 %0 Journal Article %J Women Health %D 2013 %T Views and experiences of suicidal ideation during pregnancy and the postpartum: findings from interviews with maternal care clinic patients. %A Tabb, Karen M %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Guo, Yuqing %A Huang, Hsiang %A Debiec, Kate %A Katon, Wayne %K Adult %K Depression %K Depression, Postpartum %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Maternal Health Services %K Mothers %K Postpartum Period %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Risk Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Suicidal Ideation %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

INTRODUCTION: Perinatal suicidality (i.e., thoughts of death, suicide attempts, or self-harm during the period immediately before and up to 12 months after the birth of a child) is a significant public health concern. Few investigations have examined the patients' own views and experiences of maternal suicidal ideation.

METHODS: Between April and October 2010, researchers identified 14 patient participants at a single university-based medical center for a follow-up, semi-structured interview if they screened positive for suicidal ideation on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) short form. In-depth interviews followed a semi-structured interview guide. Researchers transcribed all interviews verbatim and analyzed transcripts using thematic network analysis.

RESULTS: Participants described the experience of suicidality during pregnancy as related to somatic symptoms, past diagnoses, infanticide, family psychiatric history (e.g., completed suicides and family member attempts), and pregnancy complications. The network of themes included the perinatal experience, patient descriptions of changes in mood symptoms, illustrations of situational coping, and reported mental health service use.

IMPLICATIONS: The interview themes suggested that in this small sample, pregnancy represented a critical time period to screen for suicide and to establish treatment for the mothers in the study. These findings may assist health care professionals in the development of interventions designed to identify, assess, and prevent suicidality among perinatal women.

%B Women Health %V 53 %P 519-35 %8 2013 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/03630242.2013.804024 %0 Journal Article %J J Aging Health %D 2013 %T Weight status in adolescence is associated with later life functional limitations. %A Vasunilashorn, Sarinnapha %A Martinson, Melissa L %K Activities of Daily Living %K Adolescent %K Aging %K Body Mass Index %K Body Weight %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Mobility Limitation %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Wisconsin %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examines the relationship between weight status in adolescence and later life functional limitations.

METHOD: We use the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study to characterize the relationship between standardized relative body mass ascertained from high school photograph portraits in 1957 and self-reported functional imitations in 2004.

RESULTS: Compared to individuals with normal body mass, those who were overweight in high school had poorer later life physical function, with observed gender differences. Women who were underweight in adolescence had better functioning in older adulthood than their normal weight counterparts. This relationship, however, was not found among men.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the long-term consequences of being overweight in adolescence on the functional disadvantages conferred in late life.

%B J Aging Health %V 25 %P 758-75 %8 2013 Aug %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1177/0898264313491426 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2013 %T Who dies? Disparities in mortality risk among juvenile offenders. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Cause of Death %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Mortality, Premature %B J Adolesc Health %V 52 %P 668-9 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.018 %0 Journal Article %J J Prev Interv Community %D 2012 %T Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) within a social disadvantage framework: distinguishing unique, cumulative, and moderated contributions to adult mental health. %A Nurius, Paula S %A Logan-Greene, Patricia %A Green, Sara %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Aged %K Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Crime Victims %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Poverty %K Public Policy %K Washington %X

The deleterious impact of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) may be confounded with frequently co-occurring social disadvantage. In this analysis we test the effects of ACE on adult mental health within a social disadvantage framework, using a population-based survey (n = 7,444; mean age = 55.2 years) from Washington State. We also examined the protective effects of socioemotional support, and the distinct and combined contribution of the measured ACE factors. Results demonstrated sustained impact of ACE on mental health many decades later, even net of social disadvantage and demographic contributors. Protective factors provided both direct and moderating influences, potentially masking the elevated effects of ACE for those with few resources. Toxicity examination of ACE items evinced differential effects of ACE experiences on mental health. These results demonstrate that interventions ameliorating the effects of ACE and bolstering protective resources such as socioemotional support may be effective toward augmenting mental health even late in life.

%B J Prev Interv Community %V 40 %P 278-90 %8 2012 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/10852352.2012.707443 %0 Journal Article %J J Rural Health %D 2012 %T Alcohol consumption among urban, suburban, and rural Veterans Affairs outpatients. %A Williams, Emily C %A McFarland, Lynne V %A Nelson, Karin M %K Aged %K Alcohol Drinking %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Outpatients %K Prevalence %K Rural Population %K Suburban Population %K United States %K United States Department of Veterans Affairs %K Urban Population %K Veterans %X

PURPOSE: United States rural residents tend toward poorer health than urban residents. Although alcohol use is associated with multiple medical conditions and can be reduced via brief primary care-based interventions, it is unknown whether alcohol consumption differs by rurality among primary care patients. We sought to describe alcohol consumption among urban, suburban, and rural Veterans Affairs (VA) outpatients.

METHODS: Outpatients from 7 VA facilities responded to mailed surveys that included the validated Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test Consumption (AUDIT-C) screening questionnaire. The ZIP code approximation of the US Department of Agriculture's rural-urban commuting area (RUCA) codes classified participants into urban, suburban, and rural areas. For each area, adjusted logistic regression models estimated the prevalence of past-year abstinence among all participants and unhealthy alcohol use (AUDIT-C ≥ 3 for women and ≥ 4 for men) among drinkers.

FINDINGS: Among 33,883 outpatients, 14,967 (44%) reported abstinence. Among 18,916 drinkers, 8,524 (45%) screened positive for unhealthy alcohol use. The adjusted prevalence of abstinence was lowest in urban residents (43%, 95% CI 42%-43%) with significantly higher rates in both suburban and rural residents [45% (44%-46%) and 46% (45%-47%), respectively]. No significant differences were observed in the adjusted prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use among drinkers.

CONCLUSIONS: Abstinence is slightly more common among rural and suburban than urban VA outpatients, but unhealthy alcohol use does not vary by rurality. As the VA and other health systems implement evidence-based care for unhealthy alcohol use, more research is needed to identify whether preventive strategies targeted to high-risk areas are needed.

%B J Rural Health %V 28 %P 202-10 %8 2012 Spring %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2011.00389.x %0 Journal Article %J AIDS %D 2012 %T Another STI associated with HIV-1 acquisition: now what? %A Manhart, Lisa E %K Female %K HIV Infections %K HIV-1 %K Humans %K Mycoplasma genitalium %K Mycoplasma Infections %B AIDS %V 26 %P 635-7 %8 2012 Mar 13 %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834ff6ad %0 Journal Article %J J Behav Med %D 2012 %T Beyond conventional socioeconomic status: examining subjective and objective social status with self-reported health among Asian immigrants. %A Gong, Fang %A Xu, Jun %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asia %K Data Collection %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Female %K Health Status %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Self Report %K Social Class %K Stress, Psychological %K United States %K Young Adult %X

Despite mounting evidence for a strong and persistent association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health, this relationship is largely unknown among Asian immigrants, a fast growing minority group in the US population. Previous research has typically focused on objective SES (primarily education and income) and ignored self-perceived SES. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS) (N = 1,570), we examined the impact of subjective as well as objective SES upon multiple self-reported health outcomes among Asian immigrants. Results indicated that conventional SES indicators by and large were non-significantly related to self-rated physical health, physical discomfort, self-rated mental health, and psychological distress. In contrast, subjective SES relative to people in the United States and people in the community showed strong associations with health outcomes above and beyond conventional SES markers. This study suggested a promising avenue to incorporate subjective SES in health disparities research, especially among immigrants.

%B J Behav Med %V 35 %P 407-19 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10865-011-9367-z %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2012 %T Brief motivational feedback and cognitive behavioral interventions for prevention of disordered gambling: a randomized clinical trial. %A Larimer, Mary E %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Lostutter, Ty W %A Whiteside, Ursula %A Cronce, Jessica M %A Kaysen, Debra %A Walker, Denise D %K Adult %K Biofeedback, Psychology %K Cognitive Therapy %K Cost of Illness %K Female %K Gambling %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Patient Compliance %K Treatment Outcome %K Young Adult %X

AIMS: The purpose of the current study was to evaluate feasibility and efficacy of two promising approaches to indicated prevention of disordered gambling in a college population.

DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial with assignment to a personalized feedback intervention (PFI), cognitive-behavioral intervention (CBI) or assessment-only control (AOC). PFI was delivered individually in a single session and included feedback regarding gambling behavior, norms, consequences and risk-reduction tips, delivered in a motivational interviewing style. CBI was delivered in small groups over four to six sessions and included functional analysis and brief cognitive correction, as well as identification of and alternatives for responding to gambling triggers.

SETTING: College campus.

PARTICIPANTS: At-risk or probable pathological gamblers (n = 147; 65.3% male; group assignment: PFI, n = 52; CBI, n = 44; AOC, n = 51).

MEASUREMENTS: Self-reported gambling quantity, frequency, consequences, psychopathology, normative perceptions and beliefs.

FINDINGS: Relative to control, results at 6-month follow-up indicated reductions in both interventions for gambling consequences (PFI d = 0.48; CBI d = 0.39) and DSM-IV criteria (PFI d = 0.60; CBI d = 0.48), reductions in frequency for PFI (d = 0.48). CBI was associated with reduced illusions of control, whereas PFI was associated with reduced perceptions of gambling frequency norms. Reductions in perceived gambling frequency norms mediated effects of PFI on gambling frequency.

CONCLUSIONS: A single-session personalized feedback intervention and a multi-session cognitive-behavioral intervention may be helpful in reducing disordered gambling in US college students.

%B Addiction %V 107 %P 1148-58 %8 2012 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03776.x %0 Journal Article %J Compr Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Can patterns of alcohol use disorder in young adulthood help explain gender differences in depression? %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Kosterman, Rick %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cohort Studies %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depressive Disorder, Major %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: To test whether gender differences in the prevalence of major depressive disorder differ by longitudinal patterns of alcohol use disorder symptoms.

METHOD: Data are from a prospective longitudinal study examining a broad range of mental health and substance use problems. A gender-balanced sample of 808 participants was interviewed at ages 21, 24, 27, and 30. The sample was divided into subgroups corresponding to longitudinal patterns of alcohol use disorder derived from latent class growth analysis.

RESULTS: Four patterns of alcohol use disorder symptoms were identified: A "low disorder symptom" group, a "decreaser" group, an "increaser" group, and a "chronic disorder symptom" group. Rates of depression were significantly higher for females only among those with a pattern of chronic or decreasing alcohol disorder symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Elevated rates of depression among females in young adulthood may depend on patterns of co-occurring alcohol disorder symptoms. Practitioners should pay particular attention to signs of chronic alcohol use disorders and associated risks for depression among young adult women.

%B Compr Psychiatry %V 53 %P 1071-7 %8 2012 Nov %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.03.012 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreat %D 2012 %T Child welfare caseworkers as service brokers for youth in foster care: findings from project focus. %A Dorsey, Shannon %A Kerns, Suzanne E U %A Trupin, Eric W %A Conover, Kate L %A Berliner, Lucy %K Case Management %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Evidence-Based Practice %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Referral and Consultation %K Washington %X

Youth in the foster care system have substantially higher rates of mental health needs compared to the general population, yet they rarely receive targeted, evidence-based practices (EBPs). Increasingly emerging in the literature on mental health services is the importance of "brokers" or "gateway providers" of services. For youth in foster care, child welfare caseworkers often play this role. This study examines caseworker-level outcomes of Project Focus, a caseworker training and consultation model designed to improve emotional and behavioral outcomes for youth in foster care through increased linkages with EBPs. Project Focus was tested through a small, randomized trial involving four child welfare offices. Caseworkers in the Project Focus intervention group demonstrated an increased awareness of EBPs and a trend toward increased ability to identify appropriate EBP referrals for particular mental health problems but did not have significantly different rates of actual referral to EBPs. Dose of consultation was associated with general awareness of EBPs. Implications for practice and outcomes for youth are discussed.

%B Child Maltreat %V 17 %P 22-31 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/1077559511429593 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2012 %T Community-responsive interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk in American Indians. %A Jobe, Jared B %A Adams, Alexandra K %A Henderson, Jeffrey A %A Karanja, Njeri %A Lee, Elisa T %A Walters, Karina L %K Adult %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Consumer Participation %K Diabetes Complications %K Diabetes Mellitus %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Infant %K Male %K Obesity %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Risk Factors %K Smoking %K United States %X

American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations bear a heavy burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and they have the highest rates of risk factors for CVD, such as cigarette smoking, obesity, and diabetes, of any U.S. population group. Yet, few randomized controlled trials have been launched to test potential preventive interventions in Indian Country. Five randomized controlled trials were initiated recently in AI/AN communities to test the effectiveness of interventions targeting adults and/or children to promote healthy behaviors that are known to impact biological CVD risk factors. This article provides a context for and an overview of these five trials. The high burden of CVD among AI/AN populations will worsen unless behaviors and lifestyles affecting CVD risk can be modified. These five trials, if successful, represent a starting point in addressing these significant health disparities.

%B J Prim Prev %V 33 %P 153-9 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10935-012-0277-9 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2012 %T Co-occurrence of sexual risk behaviors and substance use across emerging adulthood: evidence for state- and trait-level associations. %A King, Kevin M %A Nguyen, Hong V %A Kosterman, Rick %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hawkins, J D %K Adult %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Time Factors %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

AIMS:   Prior research has suggested that problematic alcohol and drug use are related to risky sexual behaviors, either due to trait-level associations driven by shared risk factors such as sensation seeking or by state-specific effects, such as the direct effects of substance use on sexual behaviors. Although the prevalence of both high-risk sexual activity and alcohol problems decline with age, little is known about how the associations between substance use disorder symptoms and high-risk sexual behaviors change across young adulthood.

DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:   Using a community sample (n = 790) interviewed every 3 years from age 21 to age 30 years, we tested trait- and state-level associations among symptoms of alcohol and drug abuse and dependence and high-risk sexual behaviors across young adulthood using latent growth curve models.

MEASUREMENTS:   We utilized diagnostic interviews to obtain self-report of past-year drug and alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms. High-risk sexual behaviors were assessed with a composite of four self-reported behaviors.

FINDINGS:   Results showed time-specific associations between alcohol disorder symptoms and risky sexual behaviors (r = 0.195, P < 0.001), but not associations between their trajectories of change. Conversely, risky sexual behaviors and drug disorder symptoms were associated only at the trait level, not the state level, such that the levels and rate of change over time of both were correlated (r = 0.35, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS:   High-risk sexual behaviors during young adulthood seem to be driven both by trait and state factors, and intervention efforts may be successful if they are either aimed at high-risk individuals or if they work to disaggregate alcohol use from risky sexual activities.

%B Addiction %V 107 %P 1288-96 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03792.x %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2012 %T Cost-benefit analysis of Communities That Care outcomes at eighth grade. %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Briney, John S %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %X

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, a public health approach to reducing risk, enhancing protection, and reducing the prevalence of adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. The analysis is based on outcomes from a panel of students followed from Grade 5 through Grade 8 in a randomized controlled trial involving 24 communities in 7 states. Previous analyses have shown that CTC prevented the initiation of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and delinquency by the end of 8th grade in CTC communities compared to controls. This paper estimates long-term monetary benefits associated with significant intervention effects on cigarette smoking and delinquency as compared to the cost of conducting the intervention. Under conservative cost assumptions, the net present benefit is $5,250 per youth, including $812 from the prevention of cigarette smoking and $4,438 from the prevention of delinquency. The benefit-cost ratio indicates a return of $5.30 per $1.00 invested. Under less conservative but still viable cost assumptions, the benefit-cost ratio due to prevention of cigarette smoking and delinquency increases to $10.23 per $1.00 invested. Benefits from CTC's reduction in alcohol initiation as well as broader inclusion of quality-of-life gains would further increase CTC's benefit-cost ratio. Results provide evidence that CTC is a cost-beneficial preventive intervention and a good investment of public dollars, even under very conservative cost and benefit assumptions.

%B Prev Sci %V 13 %P 150-61 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-011-0259-9 %0 Journal Article %J Brain Imaging Behav %D 2012 %T CSF biomarker associations with change in hippocampal volume and precuneus thickness: implications for the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. %A Stricker, Nikki H %A Dodge, Hiroko H %A Dowling, N Maritza %A Han, S Duke %A Erosheva, Elena A %A Jagust, William J %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Alzheimer Disease %K Amyloid beta-Peptides %K Biomarkers %K Female %K Hippocampus %K Humans %K Magnetic Resonance Imaging %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Organ Size %K Parietal Lobe %K Peptide Fragments %K Reproducibility of Results %K Sensitivity and Specificity %X

Neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid plaques are hallmark neuropathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is some debate as to which neuropathological feature comes first in the disease process, with early autopsy studies suggesting that NFT develop first, and more recent neuroimaging studies supporting the early role of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposition. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers of Aβ₄₂ and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) have been shown to serve as in vivo proxy measures of amyloid plaques and NFT, respectively. The aim of this study was to examine the association between CSF biomarkers and rate of atrophy in the precuneus and hippocampus. These regions were selected because the precuneus appears to be affected early and severely by Aβ deposition, and the hippocampus similarly by NFT pathology. We predicted (1) baseline Aβ₄₂ would be related to accelerated rate of cortical thinning in the precuneus and volume loss in the hippocampus, with the latter relationship expected to be weaker, (2) baseline p-tau(181p) would be related to accelerated rate of hippocampal atrophy and cortical thinning in the precuneus, with the latter relationship expected to be weaker. Using all ADNI cohorts, we fitted separate linear mixed-effects models for changes in hippocampus and precuneus longitudinal outcome measures with baseline CSF biomarkers modeled as predictors. Results partially supported our hypotheses: Both baseline p-tau(181p) and Aβ₄₂ were associated with hippocampal atrophy over time. Neither p-tau(181p) nor Aβ₄₂ were significantly related to cortical thinning in the precuneus over time. However, follow-up analyses demonstrated that having abnormal levels of both Aβ₄₂ and p-tau(181p) was associated with an accelerated rate of atrophy in both the hippocampus and precuneus. Results support early effects of Aβ in the Alzheimer's disease process, which are less apparent than and perhaps dependent on p-tau effects as the disease progresses. However, amyloid deposition alone may be insufficient for emergence of significant morphometric changes and clinical symptoms.

%B Brain Imaging Behav %V 6 %P 599-609 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11682-012-9171-6 %0 Journal Article %J Provider %D 2012 %T Culture and familiarity matter to elders. %A Lewis, Jordan %A Thibedeau, Don %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Alaska %K Culture %K Female %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Nursing Homes %K Organizational Case Studies %B Provider %V 38 %P 45-6, 48 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 9 %0 Journal Article %J Gen Hosp Psychiatry %D 2012 %T Depression in pregnancy is associated with preexisting but not pregnancy-induced hypertension. %A Katon, Wayne J %A Russo, Joan E %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Katon, Jodie G %A Gavin, Amelia R %K Adult %K Antidepressive Agents %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Hypertension %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Prospective Studies %K Regression Analysis %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: The aim was to examine whether depression is associated with preexisting hypertension or pregnancy-induced hypertension in a large sample of women attending a university-based obstetrics clinic.

METHODS: In this prospective study, participants were 2398 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university-based obstetrics clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of depression was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 as well as the self-reported use of antidepressant medication. Evidence of preexisting hypertension, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia/eclampsia was determined by obstetrician International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between hypertension in pregnancy and antenatal depression.

RESULTS: After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, chronic medical conditions, smoking and prior pregnancy complications, women with preexisting hypertension had an increased risk of any depression (minor, major, use of antidepressants) [odds ratio (OR)=1.55, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08-2.23) and major depression and/or use of antidepressants (OR=1.65, 95% CI 1.10-2.48) compared to women without hypertension. No differences were seen in risk of depression in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia/eclampsia compared to those without hypertension.

CONCLUSION: Women with preexisting hypertension, but not pregnancy-induced hypertension, are more likely to meet criteria for an antenatal depressive disorder and/or to be treated with antidepressants and could be targeted by obstetricians for screening for depression and enhanced treatment.

%B Gen Hosp Psychiatry %V 34 %P 9-16 %8 2012 Jan-Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.09.018 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreat %D 2012 %T Disseminating child maltreatment interventions: research on implementing evidence-based programs. %A Self-Brown, Shannon %A Whitaker, Daniel %A Berliner, Lucy %A Kolko, David %K Behavioral Research %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Family %K Humans %K Program Development %B Child Maltreat %V 17 %P 5-10 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/1077559511436211 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Sci Med %D 2012 %T Does an immigrant health paradox exist among Asian Americans? Associations of nativity and occupational class with self-rated health and mental disorders. %A John, Dolly A %A de Castro, A B %A Martin, Diane P %A Duran, Bonnie %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adult %K Asian Americans %K Confidence Intervals %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Employment %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Odds Ratio %K Population Surveillance %K Self Report %K Sex Distribution %K United States %X

A robust socioeconomic gradient in health is well-documented, with higher socioeconomic status (SES) associated with better health across the SES spectrum. However, recent studies of U.S. racial/ethnic minorities and immigrants show complex SES-health patterns (e.g., flat gradients), with individuals of low SES having similar or better health than their richer, U.S.-born and more acculturated counterparts, a so-called "epidemiological paradox" or "immigrant health paradox". To examine whether this exists among Asian Americans, we investigate how nativity and occupational class (white-collar, blue-collar, service, unemployed) are associated with subjective health (self-rated physical health, self-rated mental health) and 12-month DSM-IV mental disorders (any mental disorder, anxiety, depression). We analyzed data from 1530 Asian respondents to the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study in the labor force using hierarchical multivariate logistic regression models controlling for confounders, subjective social status (SSS), material and psychosocial factors theorized to explain health inequalities. Compared to U.S.-born Asians, immigrants had worse socioeconomic profiles, and controlling for age and gender, increased odds for reporting fair/poor mental health and decreased odds for any DSM-IV mental disorder and anxiety. No strong occupational class-health gradients were found. The foreign-born health-protective effect persisted after controlling for SSS but became nonsignificant after controlling for material and psychosocial factors. Speaking fair/poor English was strongly associated with all outcomes. Material and psychosocial factors were associated with some outcomes--perceived financial need with subjective health, uninsurance with self-rated mental health and depression, social support, discrimination and acculturative stress with all or most DSM-IV outcomes. Our findings caution against using terms like "immigrant health paradox" which oversimplify complex patterns and mask negative outcomes among underserved sub-groups (e.g., speaking fair/poor English, experiencing acculturative stress). We discuss implications for better measurement of SES and health given the absence of a gradient and seemingly contradictory finding of nativity-related differences in self-rated health and DSM-IV mental disorders.

%B Soc Sci Med %V 75 %P 2085-98 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.01.035 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2012 %T The effects of general and alcohol-specific peer factors in adolescence on trajectories of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from 21 to 33 years. %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hill, Karl G %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hartigan, Lacey A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Disease Progression %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Social Behavior %X

BACKGROUND: The present study examines whether general and alcohol-specific peer risk factors from age 10 to 18 are associated with longitudinal patterns of adult alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from age 21 to 33.

METHODS: Using growth mixture modeling, trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms from age 21 to 33 were identified. We then examined the relationships between the identified trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms and respondents' own adolescent binge drinking, a general negative peer factor, and an alcohol-specific peer factor (having drinking peers) in adolescence using pseudo-class Wald Chi-square tests, and multinomial logistic regressions.

RESULTS: Four different trajectory groups of alcohol abuse disorder symptoms were identified: persistor group (3%), decreaser group (23%), escalator group (3%), and a no-disorder group (71%). Bivariate Wald Chi-square tests indicated that adolescent binge drinking behavior and general and alcohol-specific peer factors differentiated the adult alcohol abuse trajectory groups. Multivariate multinomial logistic regression showed that the general negative peer factors distinguished those who later persisted in alcohol abuse from those who desisted (i.e., persistor group vs. decreaser group) during young adulthood, even after adjusting for respondents' adolescent binge drinking. On the other hand, associating with drinking peers did not distinguish these trajectories.

CONCLUSION: Alcohol-specific peer influences appear to influence alcohol abuse disorder symptoms in the early 20s, while general negative peer exposure in adolescence increases in importance as a risk factor for alcohol abuse disorder symptom persistence in the late 20s and the early 30s.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 121 %P 213-9 %8 2012 Mar 1 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.08.028 %0 Journal Article %J Clin Ther %D 2012 %T Efficacy and safety profile of fluticasone furoate administered once daily in the morning or evening: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled trial in adult and adolescent patients with persistent bronchial asthma. %A Medley, Hilary %A Orozco, Socorro %A Allen, Ann %K Administration, Inhalation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Analysis of Variance %K Androstadienes %K Asthma %K Bronchodilator Agents %K Chile %K Double-Blind Method %K Drug Administration Schedule %K Equipment Design %K Europe %K Female %K Forced Expiratory Volume %K Glucocorticoids %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Lung %K Male %K Mexico %K Middle Aged %K Models, Biological %K Nebulizers and Vaporizers %K Peak Expiratory Flow Rate %K South Africa %K Time Factors %K Treatment Outcome %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Fluticasone furoate (FF) is an inhaled corticosteroid that is structurally and functionally distinct from fluticasone propionate and is under development as a once-daily therapy for asthma.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to estimate the treatment differences (with 95% CI) in efficacy and safety profile between FF administered once daily in the morning and evening via Rotadisk Diskhaler (see text) in patients with persistent asthma. No hypothesis testing was performed for this comparison.

METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Patients (ages 16-55 years; peak expiratory flow [PEF] 50%-90% predicted) were randomized to receive 1 of 3 doses of FF Rotadisk or placebo daily for 4 weeks. The sponsor, GlaxoSmithKline, designed the study and selected the study sites. The primary end point was change from baseline in daily trough (pretreatment, prebronchodilator) PEF during the treatment period with FF Rotadisk 100 μg once daily in the morning compared with 100 μg once daily in the evening. Other end points included change from baseline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second, asthma symptom score, adverse events (AEs), 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion, and FF pharmacokinetics.

RESULTS: Five hundred and seventy-five patients (mean age 36.6 years, 56.9% female) formed the intent-to-treat population and were randomly allocated to FF Rotadisk 100 μg once daily in the morning (n = 144), FF Rotadisk 100 μg once daily in the evening (n = 146), FF Rotadisk 250 μg once daily in the evening (n = 142), or placebo (n = 143). Of these patients, 526 (91.5%) completed the study. A smaller proportion of patients in the placebo group (86.7%) than in the active treatment groups completed the study. Mean difference in PEF change from baseline with FF Rotadisk 100 μg once daily in the morning relative to evening was +13.4 L/min (95% CI, 2.3-24.4). However, morning trough values might have been affected by higher placebo response after morning dosing (18.8 vs 8.8 L/min). Trough PEF improved relative to placebo (P ≤ 0.005), with little difference between FF Rotadisk 100 μg morning (19 L/min) and evening (16 L/min) dosing, as with other efficacy measures. Frequencies of all-cause AEs were similar with FF Rotadisk (32%-39%, 2 serious AEs) and placebo (37%, 1 serious AE). No serious AEs were deemed by the investigator to be related to study treatment. Twenty-four-hour urinary cortisol increased from baseline in all groups, but the increase was significantly lower with FF Rotadisk 250 μg group than placebo.

CONCLUSION: FF Rotadisk administered once daily in the morning or evening was well tolerated and associated with improvements in lung function and asthma symptoms compared with placebo. Improvements seen for FF Rotadisk 100 μg appear to be comparable for morning and evening dosing. Clinical.trials.govNCT01499446.

%B Clin Ther %V 34 %P 1683-95 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.clinthera.2012.06.024 %0 Journal Article %J Prog Community Health Partnersh %D 2012 %T Evaluating community-based participatory research to improve community-partnered science and community health. %A Hicks, Sarah %A Duran, Bonnie %A Wallerstein, Nina %A Avila, Magdalena %A Belone, Lorenda %A Lucero, Julie %A Magarati, Maya %A Mainer, Elana %A Martin, Diane %A Muhammad, Michael %A Oetzel, John %A Pearson, Cynthia %A Sahota, Puneet %A Simonds, Vanessa %A Sussman, Andrew %A Tafoya, Greg %A Hat, Emily White %K Community-Based Participatory Research %K Community-Institutional Relations %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K National Institutes of Health (U.S.) %K Public Health %K Research %K Trust %K United States %K Universities %X

BACKGROUND: Since 2007, the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) Policy Research Center (PRC) has partnered with the Universities of New Mexico and Washington to study the science of community-based participatory research (CBPR). Our goal is to identify facilitators and barriers to effective community-academic partnerships in American Indian and other communities, which face health disparities.

OBJECTIVES: We have described herein the scientific design of our National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded study (2009-2013) and lessons learned by having a strong community partner leading the research efforts.

METHODS: The research team is implementing a mixed-methods study involving a survey of principal investigators (PIs) and partners across the nation and in-depth case studies of CBPR projects.

RESULTS: We present preliminary findings on methods and measures for community-engaged research and eight lessons learned thus far regarding partnership evaluation, advisory councils, historical trust, research capacity development of community partner, advocacy, honoring each other, messaging, and funding.

CONCLUSIONS: Study methodologies and lessons learned can help community-academic research partnerships translate research in communities.

%B Prog Community Health Partnersh %V 6 %P 289-99 %8 2012 Fall %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1353/cpr.2012.0049 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2012 %T Examining explanatory mechanisms of the effects of early alcohol use on young adult alcohol dependence. %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Hill, Karl G %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hartigan, Lacey A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Development %K Age Factors %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined potential explanatory mechanisms linking childhood alcohol use onset and chronicity of adult alcohol dependence by testing the following three competing hypotheses: (1) a marker hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may be simply a marker for other factors that have been linked to both age at initiation and adult alcohol problems; (2) a compromised development hypothesis, where early alcohol initiation may interfere with adolescent development, which can lead to later alcohol problems; and (3) an increased substance use hypothesis, where early onset of alcohol use may lead to increased substance use in adolescence and, in turn, chronic alcohol dependence.

METHOD: Data came from a longitudinal community sample of 808 participants recruited at age 10 in 1985. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008 with 92% retention.

RESULTS: Childhood onset of alcohol use (before age 11), when compared with initiation during adolescence, predicted an increased chronicity of adult alcohol dependence, even after accounting for the hypothesized confounds from the marker hypothesis. In addition, adolescent compromised functioning did not mediate this relationship between early alcohol use and chronicity of adult dependence (Hypothesis 2), nor did adolescent substance use (Hypothesis 3). However, compromised functioning and substance use in adolescence predicted increased chronicity of alcohol dependence in young adulthood.

CONCLUSIONS: Prevention efforts as early as the elementary grades should focus on delaying the onset of alcohol use and reducing substance use in adolescence as well as improving school functioning, reducing adolescent problem behaviors, and targeting adolescent peer networks.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 73 %P 379-90 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J J Psychosoc Oncol %D 2012 %T Expressive talking among caregivers of hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors: acceptability and concurrent subjective, objective, and physiologic indicators of emotion. %A Langer, Shelby L %A Kelly, Thomas H %A Storer, Barry E %A Hall, Suzanne P %A Lucas, Heather G %A Syrjala, Karen L %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Caregivers %K Communication %K Expressed Emotion %K Female %K Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Patient Satisfaction %K Psychotherapy %K Skin Physiological Phenomena %K Stress, Psychological %K Survivors %X

This study sought to examine the effects of an expressive talking intervention for 58 caregiving partners of hematopoietic stem cell transplant survivors, persons known to experience distress. Caregivers were randomly assigned to a three-session emotional expression (EE) or control condition. Subjective, objective, and physiologic indicators of emotion were assessed. Relative to controls, EE participants experienced more negative emotion, uttered more negative emotion words, and perceived the exercises as more helpful and meaningful. The trajectory of skin conductance and the use of cognitive mechanism words increased across EE sessions, suggesting sustained emotional engagement. Future research is warranted to determine the optimal dose and timing of EE for this population.

%B J Psychosoc Oncol %V 30 %P 294-315 %8 2012 %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1080/07347332.2012.664255 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2012 %T Family Group Decision Making (FGDM) with Lakota families in two tribal communities: tools to facilitate FGDM implementation and evaluation. %A Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A %A Bear, Pete Small %A Geary, Erin %A Conti, Russ %A Pecora, Peter J %A Day, Priscilla A %A Wilson, Stephen T %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Community-Institutional Relations %K Culture %K Decision Making %K Family %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Grief %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Intergenerational Relations %K Male %K Models, Organizational %K Personal Satisfaction %K Program Evaluation %K Social Work %K South Dakota %K Stress, Psychological %X

This article describes an adapted Family Group Decision Making (FGDM) practice model for Native American communities, the FGDM family and community engagement process, and FGDM evaluation tools as one example for other native communities. Challenges and successes associated with the implementation and evaluation of these meetings are also described in the context of key historical and cultural factors, such as intergenerational grief and trauma, as well as past misuse of data in native communities.

%B Child Welfare %V 91 %P 113-34 %8 2012 %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Family influences related to adult substance use and mental health problems: A developmental analysis of child and adolescent predictors. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Kosterman, Rick %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Child %K Child Development %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Depression %K Family Relations %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

PURPOSE: This study investigated measures of family conflict, family management, and family involvement at ages 10-12, 13-14, and 15-18 years as predictors of adult depression, anxiety, and substance use disorder symptoms classes at age 27. The objective was to assess the relative influence on adult outcomes of each family predictor measured similarly at different points in adolescent development.

METHODS: Data were obtained from the Seattle Social Development Project, a theory-driven longitudinal study that began in 1985, with 808 fifth-grade students from 18 Seattle public elementary schools. A latent class analysis of adult outcomes was followed by bivariate and multivariate models for each family predictor. Of the original 808 participants, 747 (92% of the original sample) had available data at age 27 on the mental health and substance use latent class indicators. Missing data were handled using full-information maximum likelihood estimation.

RESULTS: Four latent classes were derived: a "low disorder symptoms" class, a "licit substance use disorder symptoms" class, a "mental health disorder symptoms" class, and a "comorbid" class. Multivariate results show that family conflict is the strongest and most consistent predictor of the adult mental health and substance use classes. Family management, but not family involvement, was also predictive of the adult outcome classes.

CONCLUSIONS: It is important to lessen family conflict and improve family management to prevent later mental health and substance use problems in adulthood.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 51 %P 129-35 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.003 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Patient Care STDS %D 2012 %T Feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of the unity workshop: an internalized stigma reduction intervention for African American women living with HIV. %A Rao, Deepa %A Desmond, Michelle %A Andrasik, Michele %A Rasberry, Tonya %A Lambert, Nina %A Cohn, Susan E %A Simoni, Jane %K Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K African Americans %K Feasibility Studies %K Female %K Focus Groups %K HIV Seropositivity %K Humans %K Medication Adherence %K Middle Aged %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Prejudice %K Social Stigma %K Stereotyping %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Women's Health %X

Observational studies have examined the prevalence and impact of internalized stigma among African American women living with HIV, but there are no intervention studies investigating stigma reduction strategies in this population. Based on qualitative data previously collected, we adapted the International Center for Research on Women's HIV Stigma Toolkit for a domestic population of African American women to be consistent with Corrigan's principles of strategic stigma change. We implemented the intervention, led by an African American woman living with HIV, as a workshop across two afternoons. The participants discussed issues "triggered" by videos produced specifically for this purpose, learned coping mechanisms from each other, and practiced them in role plays with each other. We pilot tested the intervention with two groups of women (total N=24), measuring change in internalized stigma with the Stigma Scale for Chronic Illness before and after workshop participation. Sixty-two percent of the participants self-reported acquiring HIV through heterosexual sexual contact, 17% through intravenous drug use, 4% in utero, and 13% did not know the route of transmission. The intervention was feasible, enthusiastically accepted by the women, and led to decreased stigma from the start of the workshop to the end (p=0.05) and 1 week after (p=0.07) the last session of workshop. Findings suggest the intervention warrants further investigation.

%B AIDS Patient Care STDS %V 26 %P 614-20 %8 2012 Oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1089/apc.2012.0106 %0 Journal Article %J Nurs Inq %D 2012 %T Finding middle ground: negotiating university and tribal community interests in community-based participatory research. %A Mohammed, Selina A %A Walters, Karina L %A LaMarr, June %A Evans-Campbell, Teresa %A Fryberg, Sheryl %K Clinical Protocols %K Community Health Services %K Community-Based Participatory Research %K Cooperative Behavior %K Focus Groups %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Negotiating %K Northwestern United States %K Qualitative Research %K United States %K Universities %X

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has been hailed as an alternative approach to one-sided research endeavors that have traditionally been conducted on communities as opposed to with them. Although CBPR engenders numerous relationship strengths, through its emphasis on co-sharing, mutual benefit, and community capacity building, it is often challenging as well. In this article, we describe some of the challenges of implementing CBPR in a research project designed to prevent cardiovascular disease among an indigenous community in the Pacific Northwest of the United States and how we addressed them. Specifically, we highlight the process of collaboratively constructing a Research Protocol/Data Sharing Agreement and qualitative interview guide that addressed the concerns of both university and tribal community constituents. Establishing these two items was a process of negotiation that required: (i) balancing of individual, occupational, research, and community interests; (ii) definition of terminology (e.g., ownership of data); and (iii) extensive consideration of how to best protect research participants. Finding middle ground in CBPR requires research partners to examine and articulate their own assumptions and expectations, and nurture a relationship based on compromise to effectively meet the needs of each group.

%B Nurs Inq %V 19 %P 116-27 %8 2012 Jun %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00557.x %0 Journal Article %J Pain Res Manag %D 2012 %T Functional abdominal pain in childhood: background studies and recent research trends. %A Levy, Rona L %A van Tilburg, Miranda A L %K Abdominal Pain %K Biomedical Research %K Cetrimonium Compounds %K Child %K Drug Combinations %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Myristates %K Nicotinic Acids %K Pediatrics %K Simethicone %K Stearic Acids %X

The present review summarizes many of the major research trends investigated in the past five years regarding pediatric functional abdominal pain, and also summarizes the primary related findings from the authors' research program. Specific areas discussed based on work within the authors' group include familial illness patterns, genetics, traits, and mechanisms or processes related to abdominal pain. Topics covered from research published in the past five years include prevalence and cost, longitudinal follow-up, overlap with other disorders, etiology and mechanisms behind functional abdominal pain and treatment studies. It is hoped that findings from this work in abdominal pain will be interpreted as a framework for understanding the processes by which other pain phenomena and, more broadly, reactions to any physical state, can be developed and maintained in children. The present article concludes with recommendations for clinical practice and research.

%B Pain Res Manag %V 17 %P 413-7 %8 2012 Nov-Dec %G eng %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J J Homosex %D 2012 %T HIV disclosure and subsequent sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men who meet online. %A St De Lore, Jef %A Thiede, Hanne %A Cheadle, Allen %A Goldbaum, Gary %A Carey, James W %A Hutcheson, Rebecca E %A Jenkins, Richard A %A Golden, Matthew R %K Adult %K HIV Infections %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Internet %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Self Disclosure %K Sexual Behavior %K Unsafe Sex %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

To assess HIV disclosure discussions and related sexual behaviors among men who have sex with men (MSM) who meet sex partners online, 28 qualitative interviews with Seattle-area MSM were analyzed using grounded theory methods and themes and behavior patterns were identified. MSM found a greater ease in communicating and could prescreen partners through the Internet. However, no consistent relationship was found between HIV disclosure and subsequent behaviors: some were safer based on disclosure while perceived HIV status led others to risky behaviors. Interventions need to promote accurate disclosure while acknowledging its limitations and the need for men to self-protect.

%B J Homosex %V 59 %P 592-609 %8 2012 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/00918369.2012.665704 %0 Journal Article %J Depress Anxiety %D 2012 %T Impact of childhood trauma on the outcomes of a perinatal depression trial. %A Grote, Nancy K %A Spieker, Susan J %A Lohr, Mary Jane %A Geibel, Sharon L %A Swartz, Holly A %A Frank, Ellen %A Houck, Patricia R %A Katon, Wayne %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Poverty %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Psychotherapy, Brief %K Risk Factors %K Treatment Outcome %X

BACKGROUND: Childhood abuse and neglect have been linked with increased risks of adverse mental health outcomes in adulthood and may moderate or predict response to depression treatment. In a small randomized controlled trial treating depression in a diverse sample of nontreatment-seeking, pregnant, low-income women, we hypothesized that childhood trauma exposure would moderate changes in symptoms and functioning over time for women assigned to usual care (UC), but not to brief interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT-B) followed by maintenance IPT. Second, we predicted that trauma exposure would be negatively associated with treatment response over time and at the two follow-up time points for women within UC, but not for those within IPT-B who were expected to show remission in depression severity and other outcomes, regardless of trauma exposure.

METHODS: Fifty-three pregnant low-income women were randomly assigned to IPT-B (n = 25) or UC (n = 28). Inclusion criteria included ≥ 18 years, >12 on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, 10-32 weeks gestation, English speaking, and access to a phone. Participants were evaluated for childhood trauma, depressive symptoms/diagnoses, anxiety symptoms, social functioning, and interpersonal problems.

RESULTS: Regression and mixed effects repeated measures analyses revealed that trauma exposure did not moderate changes in symptoms and functioning over time for women in UC versus IPT-B. Analyses of covariance showed that within the IPT-B group, women with more versus less trauma exposure had greater depression severity and poorer outcomes at 3-month postbaseline. At 6-month postpartum, they had outcomes indicating remission in depression and functioning, but also had more residual depressive symptoms than those with less trauma exposure.

CONCLUSIONS: Childhood trauma did not predict poorer outcomes in the IPT-B group at 6-month postpartum, as it did at 3-month postbaseline, suggesting that IPT including maintenance sessions is a reasonable approach to treating depression in this population. Since women with more trauma exposure had more residual depressive symptoms at 6-month postpartum, they might require longer maintenance treatment to prevent depressive relapse.

%B Depress Anxiety %V 29 %P 563-73 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1002/da.21929 %0 Journal Article %J Health Educ Behav %D 2012 %T The impact of school suspension on student tobacco use: a longitudinal study in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Heerde, Jessica A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Continental Population Groups %K Family %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Sex Factors %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %X

CONTEXT: School suspension may have unintended consequences in contributing to problem behaviors, including dropping out from school, substance use, and antisocial behavior. Tobacco use is an early-onset problem behavior, but prospective studies of the effects of suspension on tobacco use are lacking.

METHOD: Longitudinal school-based survey of students drawn as a two-stage cluster sample, administered in 2002 and 2003, in Washington State, United States, and Victoria, Australia. The study uses statewide representative samples of students in Grades 7 and 9 (N = 3,599).

RESULTS: Rates of tobacco use were higher for Victorian than Washington State students. School suspension remained a predictor of current tobacco use at 12-month follow-up, after controlling for established risk factors including prior tobacco and other drug use for Grade 7 but not Grade 9 students.

CONCLUSIONS: School suspension is associated with early adolescent tobacco use, itself an established predictor of adverse outcomes in young people. Findings suggest the need to explore process mechanisms and alternatives to school suspensions as a response to challenging student behavior in early adolescence.

%B Health Educ Behav %V 39 %P 45-56 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/1090198111406724 %0 Journal Article %J J Altern Complement Med %D 2012 %T Implementation and acceptability of Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy in women's substance use disorder treatment. %A Price, Cynthia J %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Donovan, Dennis M %A Brooks, Marissa %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Attitude of Health Personnel %K Awareness %K Emotions %K Female %K Health Care Surveys %K Hospitalization %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Mind-Body Therapies %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Patient Dropouts %K Patient Satisfaction %K Patient Selection %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the implementation and acceptability of Mindful Awareness in Body-oriented Therapy (MABT), a novel adjunctive approach to substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. The primary aims of the study were to examine implementation of MABT as an adjunct to addiction treatment, and MABT acceptability to study participants and treatment staff.

METHODS: MABT was delivered to participants randomly assigned to the intervention in a larger ongoing trial. This study focuses only on the implementation and acceptability of the intervention, as outcomes are not yet available. MABT was delivered once weekly for 8 weeks (1.5-hour sessions) and spanned inpatient and outpatient programs at a women-only treatment facility. Descriptive statistics were used to examine participant recruitment and retention to the intervention. To measure MABT acceptability, survey and written questionnaires were administered; analysis involved descriptive statistics and content analysis using Atlas.ti software.

RESULTS: Thirty-one (31) of the women enrolled in the study were randomized to MABT. Eighteen (18) participants completed 75%-100% of the MABT sessions. Intervention implementation required flexibility on the part of both the researchers and the clinic staff, and minor changes were made to successfully implement MABT as an adjunct to usual care. MABT was perceived to increase emotional awareness and provide new tools to cope with stress, and to positively influence SUD treatment by facilitating emotion regulation.

CONCLUSIONS: It was feasible to implement MABT and to recruit and retain women to MABT in women's chemical-dependency treatment. MABT acceptability and perceived benefit was high.

%B J Altern Complement Med %V 18 %P 454-62 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1089/acm.2011.0126 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2012 %T Income inequality in health at all ages: a comparison of the United States and England. %A Martinson, Melissa L %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Body Mass Index %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Continental Population Groups %K England %K Female %K Health Status %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Income %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Nutrition Surveys %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K United States %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: I systematically examined income gradients in health in the United States and England across the life span (ages birth to 80 years), separately for females and males, for a number of health conditions.

METHODS: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 36 360) and the Health Survey for England (n = 55 783), I calculated weighted prevalence rates and risk ratios by income level for the following health risk factors or conditions: obesity, hypertension, diabetes, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, heart attack or angina, stroke, and asthma.

RESULTS: In the United States and England, the income gradients in health are very similar across age, gender, and numerous health conditions, and are robust to adjustments for race/ethnicity, health behaviors, body mass index, and health insurance.

CONCLUSIONS: Health disparities by income are pervasive in England as well as in the United States, despite better overall health, universal health insurance, and more generous social protection spending in England.

%B Am J Public Health %V 102 %P 2049-56 %8 2012 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300929 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse %D 2012 %T Indian boarding school experience, substance use, and mental health among urban two-spirit American Indian/Alaska natives. %A Evans-Campbell, Teresa %A Walters, Karina L %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Campbell, Christopher D %K Acculturation %K Adult %K Alaska %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Anxiety Disorders %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Inuits %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Schools %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Suicidal Ideation %K Suicide, Attempted %K United States %K Urban Population %X

BACKGROUND: Systematic efforts of assimilation removed many Native children from their tribal communities and placed in non-Indian-run residential schools.

OBJECTIVES: To explore substance use and mental health concerns among a community-based sample of 447 urban two-spirit American Indian/Alaska Native adults who had attended boarding school as children and/or who were raised by someone who attended boarding school.

METHOD: Eighty-two respondents who had attended Indian boarding school as children were compared to respondents with no history of boarding school with respect to mental health and substance use.

RESULTS: Former boarding school attendees reported higher rates of current illicit drug use and living with alcohol use disorder, and were significantly more likely to have attempted suicide and experienced suicidal thoughts in their lifetime compared to non-attendees. About 39% of the sample had been raised by someone who attended boarding school. People raised by boarding school attendees were significantly more likely to have a general anxiety disorder, experience posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, and have suicidal thoughts in their lifetime compared to others.

%B Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse %V 38 %P 421-7 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 5 %R 10.3109/00952990.2012.701358 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Sci Med %D 2012 %T The influence of stress and social support on depressive symptoms in mothers with young children. %A Manuel, Jennifer I %A Martinson, Melissa L %A Bledsoe-Mansori, Sarah E %A Bellamy, Jennifer L %K Child, Preschool %K Depression %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Infant %K Mothers %K Poverty %K Risk Factors %K Social Support %K Stress, Psychological %K United States %K Urban Health %X

Limited research has examined the associations of stress, social support, and depression among mothers with young children over time. Longitudinal studies are needed to identify risk and protective factors for maternal depression given that depression can be cyclical and may affect women through the early years of their children's development. This study examined the relationships among stress, social support, and depressive symptoms in a national sample of low-income urban American women with young children. A secondary data analysis of the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a national longitudinal panel study of nearly 5000 births across 20 cities with populations of 200,000 or more in the United States, was conducted. The analytic sample included all mothers (N = 3675) who completed assessments at baseline through year 5 of the study between 1998 and 2005. Multivariate models using generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the probability of being depressed as a function of stress-related risk factors, social support factors, and sociodemographic variables. The rate of depression each year ranged from 15% to 21%. The results suggest that stress related to economic hardship, parenting, and poor physical health increases the risk of depression among low-income urban mothers with young children. Instrumental and partner support were found to be potential protective factors in reducing the negative effects of stress, but only to a certain degree. Future efforts are needed to strengthen social support and mitigate chronic stressors that contribute to mental health problems in low-income communities.

%B Soc Sci Med %V 75 %P 2013-20 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.07.034 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2012 %T Institutional predictors of developmental outcomes among racially diverse foster care alumni. %A Garcia, Antonio R %A Pecora, Peter J %A Harachi, Tracy %A Aisenberg, Eugene %K Adult %K African Americans %K Consumer Behavior %K Educational Status %K Employment %K Ethnic Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Disorders %X

Child welfare practitioners are confronted with the responsibility of relying on best practice to ensure children in foster care transition successfully into adulthood after leaving the foster care system. Yet, despite recent reforms and efforts to address their needs, research clearly shows that foster care alumni are still more likely to experience negative developmental outcomes compared to adults in the general population. The purpose of this study was to better understand how child-serving systems of care adequately prepare racially diverse foster care alumni to thrive. Controlling for gender, age, placement instability, and circumstances of exit from foster care, study findings highlighted salient racial and ethnic differences relative to which factors predicted the odds of mental health, education, and employment outcomes. Implications for developing and implementing culturally sensitive, evidence-based prevention and intervention programs to promote positive developmental outcomes among racially diverse foster care alumni are discussed.

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 82 %P 573-84 %8 2012 Oct %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01181.x %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2012 %T Investigating partner abuse among HIV-positive men who have sex with men. %A Pantalone, David W %A Schneider, Karen L %A Valentine, Sarah E %A Simoni, Jane M %K Adult %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depression %K HIV Seropositivity %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prevalence %K Quality of Life %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Spouse Abuse %X

High rates of partner abuse (PA) of all types-physical, sexual, and psychological-have been identified in studies of HIV-positive individuals. We examined both the prevalence and correlates of same-sex PA in HIV-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants recruited from public outpatient HIV clinics (N = 168) completed CASI surveys about PA and current physical and mental health. Electronic medical record data were obtained for HIV biomarkers. Results indicate high rates of past year PA (physical, 19%; sexual, 17%; psychological, 51%; any, 54%), with rates comparable to, or higher than, those reported in recent studies of HIV-positive women and older studies of HIV-positive MSM. Overall, participants endorsing past year PA reported poorer mental but not physical health. Participants who endorsed past year physical PA, specifically, reported the largest number of mental health problems. HIV care providers should routinely assess PA, especially physical PA, in all MSM patients.

%B AIDS Behav %V 16 %P 1031-43 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10461-011-0011-2 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Sci Med %D 2012 %T Limited English proficiency and psychological distress among Latinos and Asian Americans. %A Zhang, Wei %A Hong, Seunghye %A Takeuchi, David T %A Mossakowski, Krysia N %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asian Americans %K Communication Barriers %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Minority Groups %K Multilingualism %K Prejudice %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K United States %K Young Adult %X

English proficiency is increasingly recognized as an important factor that is related to the mental health of immigrants and ethnic minorities. However, few studies have examined how the association between English proficiency and mental health operates and whether the pattern of association is similar or different among various ethnic minority groups. This paper investigates how limited English proficiency directly and indirectly affects psychological distress through pathways of discrimination for both Latinos and Asian Americans in the United States. Findings suggest that, for Asian Americans, limited English proficiency has an independent relationship with psychological distress over and above demographic variables, socioeconomic and immigration-related factors and discrimination. For Latinos, however, socio-demographic variables and discrimination show a stronger association than limited English proficiency in affecting psychological distress. Different forms of discrimination - everyday discrimination and racial/ethnic discrimination - are equally important for both ethnic groups. Findings underscore the differential role of limited English proficiency for the mental health of Asian Americans and Latinos and suggest the distinctive racial experiences and backgrounds of these two ethnic groups.

%B Soc Sci Med %V 75 %P 1006-14 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.05.012 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Longitudinal predictors of cyber and traditional bullying perpetration in Australian secondary school students. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Tollit, Michelle %A Smith, Rachel %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Australia %K Bullying %K Child %K Crime Victims %K Educational Status %K Family Relations %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Internet %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Students %X

PURPOSE: Cyberbullying perpetration (using communication technology to engage in bullying) is a recent phenomenon that has generated much concern. There are few prospective longitudinal studies of cyberbullying. The current article examines the individual, peer, family, and school risk factors for both cyber and traditional bullying (the latter is bullying that does not use technology) in adolescents.

METHODS: This article draws on a rich data set from the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of students in Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States, which began in 2002. In this article, data from almost 700 Victorian students recruited in grade 5 are analyzed to examine grade 7 (aged 12-13 years) predictors of traditional and cyberbullying perpetration in grade 9 (aged 14-15 years).

RESULTS: Fifteen per cent of students engaged in cyberbullying, 21% in traditional bullying, and 7% in both. There are similarities and important differences in the predictors of cyber and traditional bullying. In the fully adjusted model, only prior engagement in relational aggression (a covert form of bullying, such as spreading rumors about another student) predicted cyberbullying perpetration. For traditional bullying, previous relational aggression was also predictive, as was having been a victim and perpetrator of traditional bullying, family conflict, and academic failure.

CONCLUSIONS: The use of evidence-based bullying prevention programs is supported to reduce experiences of all forms of bullying perpetration (cyber, traditional, and relational aggression). In addition, for traditional bullying perpetration, addressing family conflict and student academic support are also important.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 51 %P 59-65 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.11.019 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2012 %T Maternal early life risk factors for offspring birth weight: findings from the add health study. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Thompson, Elaine %A Rue, Tessa %A Guo, Yuqing %K Adolescent %K Child Abuse %K Depression %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Female %K Humans %K Infant, Low Birth Weight %K Infant, Newborn %K Longitudinal Studies %K Mothers %K Risk Factors %K Smoking %K Social Class %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

The aim of this study was to examine the pathways that link mothers' early life socio economic status (SES) and mothers' experience of childhood maltreatment with birth weight among their later born offspring. Data were drawn from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of school-aged respondents, initially enrolled during adolescence in Wave I (1994-1995) and Wave II (1996) of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and followed-up in adulthood in Wave III (2001-2002). Data on offspring birth weight were obtained from nulliparous females (N = 1,897) who had given birth between Waves II and III. Analyses used structural equation modeling to examine the extent to which early life maternal risk predicted offspring birth weight, and demonstrated that maternal childhood SES and maternal childhood maltreatment predicted offspring birth weight through several mediated pathways. First, maternal adolescent substance use and prenatal cigarette use partially mediated the association between maternal childhood SES and offspring birth weight. Second, maternal adolescent depressive symptoms and adult SES partially mediated the association between maternal childhood SES and offspring birth weight. Third, adult SES partially mediated the association between maternal childhood SES and offspring birth weight. Fourth, maternal adolescent substance use and prenatal cigarette use partially mediated the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring birth weight. Finally, maternal adolescent depressive symptoms and adult SES partially mediated the association between maternal childhood maltreatment and offspring birth weight. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify maternal childhood maltreatment as an early life risk factor for offspring birth weight among a nationally representative sample of young women, and to demonstrate the mechanisms that link childhood SES and maltreatment to offspring birth weight. These findings suggest the importance of designing and implementing prevention and intervention strategies to address early life maternal social conditions in an effort to improve inter generational child health at birth.

%B Prev Sci %V 13 %P 162-72 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-011-0253-2 %0 Journal Article %J J Nutr Educ Behav %D 2012 %T Measuring perceived barriers to healthful eating in obese, treatment-seeking adults. %A Welsh, Ericka M %A Jeffery, Robert W %A Levy, Rona L %A Langer, Shelby L %A Flood, Andrew P %A Jaeb, Melanie A %A Laqua, Patricia S %K Body Mass Index %K Diet, Reducing %K Energy Intake %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Linear Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Perception %K Self Concept %K Self Efficacy %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Time Factors %K Weight Loss %X

OBJECTIVE: To characterize perceived barriers to healthful eating in a sample of obese, treatment-seeking adults and to examine whether changes in barriers are associated with energy intake and body weight.

DESIGN: Observational study based on findings from a randomized, controlled behavioral weight-loss trial.

PARTICIPANTS: Participants were 113 women and 100 men, mean age 48.8 years, 67% white, and mean body mass index at baseline 34.9 kg/m(2).

VARIABLES MEASURED: Perceived diet barriers were assessed using a 39-item questionnaire. Energy intake was assessed with the Block Food Frequency Questionnaire. Body weight (kg) and height (cm) were measured.

ANALYSIS: Factor-based scales constructed from exploratory factor analysis. Linear regression models regressed 12-month energy intake and body weight on baseline to 12-month factor-based score changes (α = .05).

RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis yielded 3 factors: lack of knowledge, lack of control, and lack of time. Reported declines in lack of knowledge and lack of control from baseline to 12 months were associated with significantly greater energy restriction over 12 months, whereas reported declines in lack of control and lack of time were associated with significantly greater weight loss.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that declines in perceived barriers to healthful eating during treatment are associated with greater energy restriction and weight loss.

%B J Nutr Educ Behav %V 44 %P 507-12 %8 2012 Nov-Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.jneb.2010.06.005 %0 Journal Article %J J Womens Health (Larchmt) %D 2012 %T Mediators of adverse birth outcomes among socially disadvantaged women. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Nurius, Paula %A Logan-Greene, Patricia %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Cohort Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Gestational Age %K Health Behavior %K Healthcare Disparities %K Humans %K Insurance Coverage %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Outcome %K Pregnant Women %K Prenatal Care %K Prospective Studies %K Social Class %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %K Vulnerable Populations %X

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies find that socially disadvantaged women are more likely than socially advantaged women to deliver infants that weigh less than normal and/or are born weeks prior to their due date. However, little is known about the pathways that link maternal social disadvantage to birth outcomes. Using data from a prospective cohort study, we examined whether antenatal psychosocial stress, substance use, and maternal health conditions in pregnancy mediated the pathway between maternal social disadvantage and birth outcomes.

METHODS: Analyses used structural equation modeling to examine data from a community clinic-based sample (n=2168) of pregnant women who completed questionnaires assessing psychosocial functioning and health behaviors as well as sociodemographic characteristics, which were matched with subsequent birth outcome data.

RESULTS: Analyses revealed maternal social disadvantage predicted poorer birth outcomes through a mediated pathway including maternal health conditions in pregnancy.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate that maternal social disadvantage is associated with poor health status in pregnancy, which in turn adversely affects birth outcomes. Results argue for more systematic attention to the roles of social disadvantage, including life course perspectives that trace social disadvantage prior to and through pregnancy.

%B J Womens Health (Larchmt) %V 21 %P 634-42 %8 2012 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1089/jwh.2011.2766 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2012 %T Men's alcohol intoxication and condom use during sexual assault perpetration. %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Kiekel, Preston A %A Schraufnagel, Trevor J %A Norris, Jeanette %A George, William H %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Condoms %K Crime Victims %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Male %K Prevalence %K Rape %K Risk-Taking %K Sex Offenses %K Sexual Partners %K Young Adult %X

We assessed the association between alcohol consumption and condom use during penetrative sexual assault acts perpetrated by young adult men. Men aged 21 to 35 who reported inconsistent condom use and heavy episodic drinking (N = 225) completed a questionnaire assessing their perpetration of sexual assault since the age of 15, their consumption of alcohol prior to these acts, and their use of condoms during acts involving penetration. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's chi-square tests were used to examine the simultaneous use of alcohol and condom nonuse during penetrative sexual assault acts. More than one third of respondents reported perpetrating at least one penetrative sexual assault 35.6% (n = 79). Condoms were not used in 70.0% of penetrative sexual assaults. When they had consumed alcohol, perpetrators were significantly less likely to use condoms. The sexual assaults reported by this sample typically consisted of perpetrator alcohol consumption and the nonuse of condoms. Programs targeting sexual health and assault risk reduction would be enhanced by addressing this interplay of alcohol, violence, and risk.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 27 %P 2790-806 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 14 %R 10.1177/0886260512438277 %0 Journal Article %J J Subst Abuse Treat %D 2012 %T Mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy as an adjunct to women's substance use disorder treatment: a pilot feasibility study. %A Price, Cynthia J %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Donovan, Dennis M %A Rue, Tessa %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Cognitive Therapy %K Depression %K Feasibility Studies %K Feeding and Eating Disorders %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Mind-Body Therapies %K Pilot Projects %K Recurrence %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Treatment Outcome %K Young Adult %X

This study examined mindful awareness in body-oriented therapy (MABT) feasibility as a novel adjunct to women's substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. As an individual therapy, MABT combines manual and mind-body approaches to develop interoception and self-care tools for emotion regulation. A 2-group randomized controlled trial repeated-measures design was used, comparing MABT to treatment as usual (TAU) on relapse to substance use and related health outcomes. Sixty-one women were screened for eligibility, and 46 enrolled. Participants randomized to MABT received 8 weekly MABT sessions. Results showed moderate to large effects, including significantly fewer days on substance use, the primary outcome, for MABT compared with TAU at posttest. Secondary outcomes showed improved eating disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety, dissociation, perceived stress, physical symptom frequency, and bodily dissociation for MABT compared with TAU at the 9-month follow-up. In conclusion, it is feasible to implement MABT in women's SUD treatment, and results suggest that MABT is worthy of further efficacy testing.

%B J Subst Abuse Treat %V 43 %P 94-107 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.jsat.2011.09.016 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2012 %T Multiple identification and risks: examination of peer factors across multiracial and single-race youth. %A Choi, Yoonsun %A He, Michael %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Catalano, Richard F %A Toumbourou, John W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Continental Population Groups %K Dangerous Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Prevalence %K Risk-Taking %K Social Identification %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Violence %X

Multiracial youth are thought to be more vulnerable to peer-related risk factors than are single-race youth. However, there have been surprisingly few well-designed studies on this topic. This study empirically investigated the extent to which multiracial youth are at higher risk for peer influenced problem behavior. Data are from a representative and longitudinal sample of youth from Washington State (N = 1,760, mean age = 14.13, 50.9% girls). Of those in the sample, 225 youth self-identified as multiracial (12.8%), 1,259 as White (71.5%), 152 as Latino (8.6%), and 124 as Asian American (7.1%). Results show that multiracial youth have higher rates of violence and alcohol use than Whites and more marijuana use than Asian Americans. Higher levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and single-parent family status partly explained the higher rates of problem behaviors among multiracial youth. Peer risk factors of substance-using or antisocial friends were higher for multiracial youth than Whites, even after socioeconomic variables were accounted for, demonstrating a higher rate of peer risks among multiracial youth. The number of substance-using friends was the most consistently significant correlate and predictor of problems and was highest among multiracial youth. However, interaction tests did not provide consistent evidence of a stronger influence of peer risks among multiracial youth. Findings underscore the importance of a differentiated understanding of vulnerability in order to better target prevention and intervention efforts as well as the need for further research that can help identify and explain the unique experiences and vulnerabilities of multiracial youth.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 41 %P 847-62 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1007/s10964-012-9750-2 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreat %D 2012 %T Multiple jeopardy: poor, economically disconnected, and child welfare involved. %A Marcenko, Maureen O %A Hook, Jennifer L %A Romich, Jennifer L %A Lee, JoAnn S %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Child %K Child Health Services %K Child Welfare %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Multivariate Analysis %K Parents %K Poverty %K Public Assistance %K Unemployment %K Washington %X

Although the welfare literature reveals a growing number of parents who are economically disconnected, meaning neither employed nor receiving cash assistance, little is known about the prevalence and impacts of disconnection among child welfare-involved parents. This study took advantage of a statewide survey of child welfare-involved parents to examine economic disconnection in this population and to explore the relationship between disconnection and parent engagement in child welfare. One fifth of the sample reported that they were economically disconnected, with several patterns differentiating disconnected caregivers from those who received benefits or earned income through employment. Disconnected caregivers were younger and more frequently had children in out-of-home placements as opposed to receiving services in home than economically connected caregivers. They also reported higher unmet needs for basic services, such as housing and medical care, but were more likely to report financial help from their informal network. Finally, disconnected caregivers reported lower engagement in child welfare services even when controlling for demographic characteristics, chronic psychosocial risk factors, placement status, and maltreatment type. The findings document economic disconnection among child welfare-involved parents and raise important questions about the implications of disconnection for families and for child welfare outcomes.

%B Child Maltreat %V 17 %P 195-206 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/1077559512456737 %0 Journal Article %J Intern Med J %D 2012 %T Obesity does not affect sodium picosulphate bowel preparation. %A Fok, K C %A Turner, I B %A Teoh, W C %A Levy, R L %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Body Mass Index %K Cathartics %K Citrates %K Colonoscopy %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Organometallic Compounds %K Picolines %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: A previous study utilising oral polyethylene-glycol by Borg et al. concluded that obesity is an independent predictor of inadequate bowel preparation at colonoscopy.

AIM: To compare bowel preparation quality between obese and non-obese individuals as assessed by Boston bowel preparation scale (BBPS) after using sodium picosulphate.

METHODS: Prospective recruitment of patients at a day surgical unit in a New South Wales academic hospital. Bowel preparation was with Picoprep in all patients. Body Mass Index and epidemiological details were collected. Bowel preparation efficacy was assessed using the Boston Bowel Preparation Score.

RESULTS: One hundred and four patients were enrolled prospectively. Five (4.8%) were excluded owing to poor mental capacity. Sixty-three (64%) were non-obese, and 36 (36%) were obese. Fifty-seven (90%) non-obese and 32 (89%) obese patients had good bowel preparation. There was no statistical difference for sodium picosulphate bowel preparation between obese and non-obese individuals (P > 0.99) using Fisher's exact probability tests. The BBPS score in the left colon predicted the overall BBPS score in all patients (P < 0.001). Three of 99 patients (3%) did not tolerate sodium picosulphate, with nausea being the most common side-effect.

LIMITATIONS: Non-randomised study

CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in bowel preparation quality between obese and non-obese patients using a low-volume bowel preparation (sodium picosulphate) and without dose modification of the bowel preparation. Sodium picosulphate was a welltolerated and an effective bowel preparation for obese individuals. With an increasing incidence of obesity and expanding colonoscopic indications within Australia and other Western countries from government-sponsored programs, it is paramount that procedural quality not be compromised in the obese patient.

%B Intern Med J %V 42 %P 1324-9 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02865.x %0 Journal Article %J J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care %D 2012 %T Palliative care in the pediatric ICU: challenges and opportunities for family-centered practice. %A Doorenbos, Ardith %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Starks, Helene %A Aisenberg, Eugene %A Curtis, J Randall %A Hays, Ross %K Child %K Humans %K Intensive Care Units, Pediatric %K Palliative Care %K Patient Care Team %K Patient Transfer %K Patient-Centered Care %K Pediatrics %K Professional Role %K Professional-Family Relations %K Terminal Care %K United States %X

The culture of pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) is focused on curative or life-prolonging treatments for seriously ill children. We present empirically-based approaches to family-centered palliative care that can be applied in PICUs. Palliative care in these settings is framed by larger issues related to the context of care in PICUs, the stressors experienced by families, and challenges to palliative care philosophy within this environment. Innovations from research on family-centered communication practices in adult ICU settings provide a framework for development of palliative care in PICUs and suggest avenues for social work support of critically ill children and their families.

%B J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care %V 8 %P 297-315 %8 2012 %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/15524256.2012.732461 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2012 %T Predictive validity of established cut points for risk and protective factor scales from the Communities That Care youth survey %A Briney, John S %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Arthur, Michael W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Forecasting %K Health Care Coalitions %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Risk Assessment %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Community coalitions are a popular strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behavior. Despite early evidence of their lack of effectiveness, a new generation of community coalitions has shown positive results in preventing youth substance use and delinquency. This success can be attributed to coalition decision making focused on reducing local risk factors and increasing local protective factors through the use of evidence-based prevention programs. A previous study using cross-sectional data established cut point values for scales measuring risk and protective factors on the Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) to identify high levels of risk and low levels of protection in communities on each scale. The current study extended this previous research by using longitudinal data to assess the validity of risk and protective factor cut point values in predicting substance use and delinquent behavior 1 year after risk and protection were measured. The findings demonstrate the predictive validity of cut points for risk and protective factor scales measured by the CTCYS and suggest their utility in guiding prevention efforts.

%B J Prim Prev %V 33 %P 249-58 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 5-6 %R 10.1007/s10935-012-0280-1 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Orthopsychiatry %D 2012 %T Predictors and responses to the growth in physical violence during adolescence: a comparison of students in Washington State and Victoria, Australia. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Australia %K Child %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Risk Factors %K Students %K Victoria %K Violence %K Washington %X

This study investigates patterns in violence over 3 time points in early- to mid-adolescence in 2 statewide representative samples of youth, one in Washington State, USA, and the other in Victoria, Australia. Comparable data collection methods in both states were used to cross-nationally compare patterns of violence, risk factors, and responses to violence (school suspensions and arrests) in 2 policy contexts. Risk factors include early use of alcohol, binge drinking, involvement with antisocial peers, family conflict, poor family management, sensation seeking, and bully victimization. These are modeled as correlates of initial violence and predictors of change in violence over a 3-year period, from ages 12-15, for participating youth. Results suggest that patterns and predictors of violence are mostly similar in the 2 states. Initial levels of violence (age 13) and change over time in violence were associated in both states with more youth school suspensions and more police arrests in Grade 9. Some cross-national differences were also shown. For example, correlations of violence with gender and violence with binge drinking were stronger in Victoria, whereas correlations of violence with early use of alcohol and with antisocial peer involvement were stronger in Washington State. Antisocial peer involvement and family conflict were significant predictors of a gradual increase in violence from Grades 7-9 for youth in Victoria only. Implications are discussed with attention to prevention and intervention efforts.

%B Am J Orthopsychiatry %V 82 %P 41-9 %8 2012 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2011.01139.x %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2012 %T Primary outcome indices in illicit drug dependence treatment research: systematic approach to selection and measurement of drug use end-points in clinical trials. %A Donovan, Dennis M %A Bigelow, George E %A Brigham, Gregory S %A Carroll, Kathleen M %A Cohen, Allan J %A Gardin, John G %A Hamilton, John A %A Huestis, Marilyn A %A Hughes, John R %A Lindblad, Robert %A Marlatt, G Alan %A Preston, Kenzie L %A Selzer, Jeffrey A %A Somoza, Eugene C %A Wakim, Paul G %A Wells, Elizabeth A %K Alcoholism %K Biomedical Research %K Clinical Trials as Topic %K Consensus %K Endpoint Determination %K Humans %K Self Report %K Street Drugs %K Substance Abuse Detection %K Substance Withdrawal Syndrome %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Tobacco Use Disorder %K Treatment Outcome %X

AIMS: Clinical trials test the safety and efficacy of behavioral and pharmacological interventions in drug-dependent individuals. However, there is no consensus about the most appropriate outcome(s) to consider in determining treatment efficacy or on the most appropriate methods for assessing selected outcome(s). We summarize the discussion and recommendations of treatment and research experts, convened by the US National Institute on Drug Abuse, to select appropriate primary outcomes for drug dependence treatment clinical trials, and in particular the feasibility of selecting a common outcome to be included in all or most trials.

METHODS: A brief history of outcomes employed in prior drug dependence treatment research, incorporating perspectives from tobacco and alcohol research, is included. The relative merits and limitations of focusing on drug-taking behavior, as measured by self-report and qualitative or quantitative biological markers, are evaluated.

RESULTS: Drug-taking behavior, measured ideally by a combination of self-report and biological indicators, is seen as the most appropriate proximal primary outcome in drug dependence treatment clinical trials.

CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the most appropriate outcome will vary as a function of salient variables inherent in the clinical trial, such as the type of intervention, its target, treatment goals (e.g. abstinence or reduction of use) and the perspective being taken (e.g. researcher, clinical program, patient, society). It is recommended that a decision process, based on such trial variables, be developed to guide the selection of primary and secondary outcomes as well as the methods to assess them.

%B Addiction %V 107 %P 694-708 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03473.x %0 Journal Article %J Health Educ Res %D 2012 %T Process and outcome constructs for evaluating community-based participatory research projects: a matrix of existing measures. %A Sandoval, Jennifer A %A Lucero, Julie %A Oetzel, John %A Avila, Magdalena %A Belone, Lorenda %A Mau, Marjorie %A Pearson, Cynthia %A Tafoya, Greg %A Duran, Bonnie %A Iglesias Rios, Lisbeth %A Wallerstein, Nina %K Community-Based Participatory Research %K Forecasting %K Group Processes %K Humans %K Models, Theoretical %K Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) %K Reproducibility of Results %K Research Design %X

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) has been widely used in public health research in the last decade as an approach to develop culturally centered interventions and collaborative research processes in which communities are directly involved in the construction and implementation of these interventions and in other application of findings. Little is known, however, about CBPR pathways of change and how these academic-community collaborations may contribute to successful outcomes. A new health CBPR conceptual model (Wallerstein N, Oetzel JG, Duran B et al. CBPR: What predicts outcomes? In: Minkler M, Wallerstein N (eds). Communication Based Participatory Research, 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: John Wiley & Co., 2008) suggests that relationships between four components: context, group dynamics, the extent of community-centeredness in intervention and/or research design and the impact of these participatory processes on CBPR system change and health outcomes. This article seeks to identify instruments and measures in a comprehensive literature review that relates to these distinct components of the CBPR model and to present them in an organized and indexed format for researcher use. Specifically, 258 articles were identified in a review of CBPR (and related) literature from 2002 to 2008. Based on this review and from recommendations of a national advisory board, 46 CBPR instruments were identified and each was reviewed and coded using the CBPR logic model. The 46 instruments yielded 224 individual measures of characteristics in the CBPR model. While this study does not investigate the quality of the instruments, it does provide information about reliability and validity for specific measures. Group dynamics proved to have the largest number of identified measures, while context and CBPR system and health outcomes had the least. Consistent with other summaries of instruments, such as Granner and Sharpe's inventory (Granner ML, Sharpe PA. Evaluating community coalition characteristics and functioning: a summary of measurement tools. Health Educ Res 2004; 19: 514-32), validity and reliability information were often lacking, and one or both were only available for 65 of the 224 measures. This summary of measures provides a place to start for new and continuing partnerships seeking to evaluate their progress.

%B Health Educ Res %V 27 %P 680-90 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/her/cyr087 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2012 %T Project həli?dx(w)/Healthy Hearts Across Generations: development and evaluation design of a tribally based cardiovascular disease prevention intervention for American Indian families. %A Walters, Karina L %A LaMarr, June %A Levy, Rona L %A Pearson, Cynthia %A Maresca, Teresa %A Mohammed, Selina A %A Simoni, Jane M %A Evans-Campbell, Teresa %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen %A Fryberg, Sheryl %A Jobe, Jared B %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Body Mass Index %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Community-Based Participatory Research %K Community-Institutional Relations %K Cultural Competency %K Family Relations %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Inuits %K Life Style %K Male %K Motivational Interviewing %K Northwestern United States %K Parents %K Risk Factors %K Young Adult %X

American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations are disproportionately at risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD), diabetes, and obesity, compared with the general US population. This article describes the həli?dx(w)/Healthy Hearts Across Generations project, an AIAN-run, tribally based randomized controlled trial (January 2010-June 2012) designed to evaluate a culturally appropriate CVD risk prevention program for AI parents residing in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. At-risk AIAN adults (n = 135) were randomly assigned to either a CVD prevention intervention arm or a comparison arm focusing on increasing family cohesiveness, communication, and connectedness. Both year-long conditions included 1 month of motivational interviewing counseling followed by personal coach contacts and family life-skills classes. Blood chemistry, blood pressure, body mass index, food intake, and physical activity were measured at baseline and at 4- and 12-month follow-up times.

%B J Prim Prev %V 33 %P 197-207 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10935-012-0274-z %0 Journal Article %J Violence Vict %D 2012 %T A prospective investigation of the relationship between child maltreatment and indicators of adult psychological well-being. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Klika, J B %A Herrenkohl, Roy C %A Russo, M J %A Dee, Tamara %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K Anger %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Female %K Happiness %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Personal Satisfaction %K Prospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Self Concept %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Survivors %X

The study of psychological well-being will advance understanding of child maltreatment effects and resilience processes. In this study, the mean level of anger in adulthood was significantly higher for those identified three decades earlier as having been maltreated. Mean levels of self-esteem, autonomy, purpose in life, perceived (fewer) constraints, and happiness and satisfaction were lower for those who were maltreated according to child welfare reports. Officially recorded child maltreatment was moderately (r < .30) correlated with several psychological well-being indicators and predictive of adult anger, self-esteem, autonomy, and happiness/life satisfaction after accounting for childhood socioeconomic status (SES), gender, and other sources of data on child abuse and neglect. Parent-reported abusive disciplining also uniquely predicted several outcomes, as did a measure of observed child neglect to a lesser extent.

%B Violence Vict %V 27 %P 764-76 %8 2012 %G eng %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreat %D 2012 %T Response to the Barth commentary (2012). %A Spieker, Susan J %A Oxford, Monica L %A Kelly, Jean F %A Nelson, Elizabeth M %A Fleming, Charles B %K Adult %K Caregivers %K Child Abuse %K Crying %K Female %K Humans %K Infant Behavior %K Infant Care %K Infant, Newborn %K Male %K Parenting %K Pitch Perception %K Saliva %K Salivary alpha-Amylases %B Child Maltreat %V 17 %P 291-4 %8 2012 Nov %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/1077559512467396 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2012 %T Review of risk and protective factors of substance use and problem use in emerging adulthood. %A Stone, Andrea L %A Becker, Linda G %A Huber, Alice M %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Behavior, Addictive %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %K Social Facilitation %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This review examines the evidence for longitudinal predictors of substance use and abuse in emerging adulthood. Nationally representative data from the 2007 National Survey on Drug use and Health suggest that many substance use problems reach their peak prevalence during emerging adulthood (usually defined as the period from age 18 to age 26). This stage of development is characterized by rapid transitions into new social contexts that involve greater freedom and less social control than experienced during adolescence. Concurrent with this newfound independence is an increase in rates of substance use and abuse. Understanding the risk and protective factors associated with emerging adult substance use problems is an important step in developing interventions targeting those problems. While multiple reviews have examined risk and protective factors for substance use during adolescence, and many of these earlier predictors may predict emerging adult substance use, few studies have focused primarily on the emerging adult outcomes examining predictors from both adolescence and emerging adulthood. This review used the databases PubMed and PsycInfo to identify articles pertaining to longitudinal predictors of substance use problems in emerging adulthood, building from the conceptual framework presented in a review on risk and protective factors for adolescent substance abuse by Hawkins and colleagues (Hawkins, Catalano, & Miller, 1992). Predictors identified as predictors of substance use in adolescence, sometimes decreased in strength and in one case reversed direction. Unique predictors in emerging adulthood were also identified. Implications for prevention science during adolescence and emerging adulthood are discussed as well as suggestions for future research.

%B Addict Behav %V 37 %P 747-75 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.02.014 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Prev Med %D 2012 %T Risk versus direct protective factors and youth violence: Seattle Social Development Project. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Lee, Jungeun %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Peer Group %K Regression Analysis %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %K Violence %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have examined predictors of youth violence associated with the individual child, the family, school, and the surrounding neighborhood or community. However, few studies have examined predictors using a systematic approach to differentiate and compare risk and direct protective factors.

PURPOSE: This study examines risk and protective factors associated with youth violence in an ongoing longitudinal panel study of 808 students from 18 Seattle public elementary schools followed since 1985 when they were in 5th grade. Predictors span the individual, family, school, peer, and neighborhood domains.

METHODS: Data were collected annually, beginning in 1985, to age 16 years, and then again at age 18 years. This paper provides findings of analyses in which continuous predictor variables, measured at ages 10-12 years, were trichotomized to reflect a risk end of the variable, a direct protective end, and a middle category of scores. Youth violence was measured at ages 13-14 years and 15-18 years.

RESULTS: Bivariate analyses of risk and direct protective factors identified the following predictors of violence at ages 13-14 years and 15-18 years. Risk for violence was increased by earlier antisocial behavior (e.g., prior violence, truancy, nonviolent delinquency), attention problems, family conflict, low school commitment, and living in a neighborhood where young people were in trouble. Direct protective factors at ages 10-12 years include a low level of attention problems, low risk-taking, refusal skills, school attachment, and low access and exposure to marijuana at ages 10-12 years. Multivariate regressions showed neighborhood risk factors to be among the most salient and consistent predictors of violence after accounting for all other variables in the tested models.

CONCLUSIONS: Relatively few direct protective factors were identified in these statistical tests, suggesting the need for further review and possible refinement of the measures and methods that were applied. Implications provide important information for programs and policy.

%B Am J Prev Med %V 43 %P S41-56 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 2 Suppl 1 %R 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.030 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2012 %T Risky sex: interactions among ethnicity, sexual sensation seeking, sexual inhibition, and sexual excitation. %A Nguyen, Hong V %A Koo, Kelly H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Otto, Jacqueline M %A Hendershot, Christian S %A Schacht, Rebecca L %A George, William H %A Heiman, Julia R %A Norris, Jeanette %K Adult %K African Americans %K Asian Americans %K Condoms %K Ethnic Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexuality %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K United States %K Unsafe Sex %X

Rates of sexually transmitted infections, including HIV, vary across ethnic minority groups, yet few studies have evaluated sexual risk behaviors and their psychological correlates to determine if risk and protective factors vary by ethnicity. The purpose of the current study was to assess sexual sensation seeking (SSS), sexual inhibition (SIS1 and SIS2), and sexual excitation (SES) as correlates of risky sexual behaviors in 106 (55 male and 51 female) Asian Americans, African Americans, and Caucasian Americans. Results revealed that higher SSS was associated with more vaginal and anal sex partners. Further, the association between SSS and the number of anal sex partners was positive among Asian Americans and Caucasians, but non-significant among African Americans. SIS1 was positively associated with unprotected sex on the first date among Asian Americans and African Americans. However, the association was not significant for Caucasians. SIS2 was negatively associated with general unprotected sex, and SES was positively associated with the number of vaginal sex partners. Findings suggest that ethnicity plays an important moderating role in the relationship between sexual traits and risky sexual behaviors.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 41 %P 1231-9 %8 2012 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10508-012-9904-z %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Romantic relationship characteristics and alcohol use: longitudinal associations with dual method contraception use. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Manhart, Lisa E %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Contraception %K Contraception Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Linear Models %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Time Factors %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: Dual method contraception use, or the use of one type of contraceptive intended to prevent pregnancy combined with another type intended to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted infection, may be the most effective method to prevent both unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infection. This study tested the association between relationship length, relationship type (married, cohabiting, dating but not cohabiting), global alcohol use, and situational alcohol use and the probability of dual method contraception use from 20 to 23 years of age.

METHODS: Hierarchical linear modeling analyses were conducted using longitudinal data from 754 sexually active male and female young adults aged 20-23 years. Dependent variables included both any dual method contraception use and consistent dual method contraception use.

RESULTS: Between 15% and 20% of respondents reported consistent dual method contraception use at each time point. Longer relationship length and more committed relationship type were associated with a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Situational alcohol use (drinking before sex), but not global alcohol use, also was related to a lower probability of both any and consistent dual method contraception use. Increasing age was associated with a lower probability of any dual method contraception use, but was not related to consistent dual method use.

CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to promote dual method contraception among young adults should include messages discouraging drinking before sex and supporting dual method use even in the context of committed relationships.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 50 %P 450-5 %8 2012 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.09.008 %0 Journal Article %J Lancet %D 2012 %T Seizing the opportunities of adolescent health. %A Resnick, Michael D %A Catalano, Richard F %A Sawyer, Susan M %A Viner, Russell %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Medicine %K Goals %K Humans %K United Nations %B Lancet %V 379 %P 1564-7 %8 2012 Apr 28 %G eng %N 9826 %R 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60472-3 %0 Journal Article %J J Consult Clin Psychol %D 2012 %T Social capital, acculturation, mental health, and perceived access to services among Mexican American women. %A Valencia-Garcia, Dellanira %A Simoni, Jane M %A Alegría, Margarita %A Takeuchi, David T %K Acculturation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Anxiety %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depression %K Female %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Mental Health %K Mexican Americans %K Middle Aged %K Social Class %K Stress, Psychological %K Women %X

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether individual-level social capital-the intangible resources in a community available through membership in social networks or other social structures and perceived trust in the community-was associated with acculturation, depression and anxiety symptoms, and perceived access to services among women of Mexican ancestry.

METHOD: Recruited through venue-based targeted sampling in King County, Washington, 205 women of Mexican descent ages 18 to 64 years who differed in socioeconomic status and nativity completed a cross-sectional survey. Half completed the survey in Spanish and half in English. Structural equation modeling was used for model testing.

RESULTS: Social capital increased with level of acculturation and was negatively related to depression and anxiety; it had no direct association with perceived access to services. Social capital mediated the relation between acculturation and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Acculturation had no direct association with psychological distress but was directly associated with perceived access to services. This community sample of women reported high levels of psychological distress, with 20% to 26% of women meeting diagnostic criteria for depression or anxiety.

CONCLUSIONS: Social capital can be assessed at the individual level, increases with acculturation, and may be a potential target for interventions to improve mental health among Mexican American women residing in the United States.

%B J Consult Clin Psychol %V 80 %P 177-85 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1037/a0027207 %0 Journal Article %J Int J STD AIDS %D 2012 %T Social support mediates the relationship between HIV stigma and depression/quality of life among people living with HIV in Beijing, China. %A Rao, D %A Chen, W T %A Pearson, C R %A Simoni, J M %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, K %A Nelson, K %A Zhao, H %A Zhang, F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K China %K Cohort Studies %K Depression %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Quality of Life %K Social Stigma %K Social Support %X

Stigma towards people living with HIV is pervasive in China and related to poor service utilization, psychosocial distress and diminished quality of life (QOL). In an effort to identify mechanisms to reduce HIV stigma and its negative consequences, we examined whether social support mediates the relation between enacted stigma and both depressive symptoms and QOL among 120 HIV outpatients in Beijing, China. Generally, perceived social support was associated with less stigma, less depressive symptomatology and better QOL. Using multivariable regression models, we found that social support was a full mediator of the impact of stigma on both depressive symptomatology and QOL. The findings suggest social support may be an important target of interventions to reduce the impact of stigma on poor psychosocial health outcomes.

%B Int J STD AIDS %V 23 %P 481-4 %8 2012 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1258/ijsa.2009.009428 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2012 %T Strengthening families and communities to prevent child abuse and neglect: lessons from the Los Angeles Prevention Initiative Demonstration Project. %A McCroskey, Jacquelyn %A Pecora, Peter J %A Franke, Todd %A Christie, Christina A %A Lorthridge, Jaymie %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Health Services %K Child Welfare %K Community Networks %K Family %K Humans %K Los Angeles %K Preventive Health Services %K Program Evaluation %X

The Prevention Initiative Demonstration Project, funded by the Los Angeles County Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS), is a community-specific strategy delivered through eight regional networks designed to address the full spectrum of community-based prevention. This article summarizes a strong and meaningful pattern of improvements found in the second year evaluation for three groups of families--those living in high-risk communities but not involved with DCFS, those being investigated by DCFS for possible child maltreatment, and those with open DCFS cases.

%B Child Welfare %V 91 %P 39-60 %8 2012 %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2012 %T Sustainability of the Communities That Care prevention system by coalitions participating in the Community Youth Development Study. %A Gloppen, Kari M %A Arthur, Michael W %A Hawkins, J D %A Shapiro, Valerie B %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Health Services %K Community Health Services %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Preventive Health Services %K Program Evaluation %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K United States %X

PURPOSE: Community prevention coalitions are a common strategy to mobilize stakeholders to implement tested and effective prevention programs to promote adolescent health and well-being. This article examines the sustainability of Communities That Care (CTC) coalitions approximately 20 months after study support for the intervention ended.

METHODS: The Community Youth Development Study is a community-randomized trial of the CTC prevention system. Using data from 2007 and 2009 coalition leader interviews, this study reports changes in coalition activities from a period of study support for CTC (2007) to 20 months following the end of study support for CTC (2009), measured by the extent to which coalitions continued to meet specific benchmarks.

RESULTS: Twenty months after study support for CTC implementation ended, 11 of 12 CTC coalitions in the Community Youth Development Study still existed. The 11 remaining coalitions continued to report significantly higher scores on the benchmarks of phases 2 through 5 of the CTC system than did prevention coalitions in the control communities. At the 20-month follow-up, two-thirds of the CTC coalitions reported having a paid staff person.

CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the CTC coalitions maintained a relatively high level of implementation fidelity to the CTC system 20 months after the study support for the intervention ended. However, the downward trend in some of the measured benchmarks indicates that continued high-quality training and technical assistance may be important to ensure that CTC coalitions maintain a science-based approach to prevention, and continue to achieve public health impacts on adolescent health and behavior outcomes.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 51 %P 259-64 %8 2012 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.018 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %D 2012 %T Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities That Care prevention system in a randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Arthur, Michael W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Humans %K Incidence %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Multivariate Analysis %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Prevalence %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community-wide 6 years after installation of CTC and 1 year after study-provided resources ended.

DESIGN: A community randomized trial.

SETTING: Twenty-four small towns in 7 states, matched within state, randomly assigned to control or intervention condition in 2003.

PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 4407 fifth-grade students was surveyed annually through 10th grade from 2004 to 2009.

INTERVENTION: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors in the community, and implemented programs to address their community's elevated risks from a menu of tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years, their families, and schools.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Levels of risk and incidence and prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; delinquency; and violent behavior by grade 10.

RESULTS: Mean levels of targeted risks increased less rapidly between grades 5 and 10 in CTC than in control communities and were significantly lower in CTC than control communities in grade 10. The incidence of delinquent behavior, alcohol use, and cigarette use and the prevalence of current cigarette use and past-year delinquent and violent behavior were significantly lower in CTC than in control communities in grade 10.

CONCLUSIONS: Using the CTC system can produce enduring reductions in community-wide levels of risk factors and problem behaviors among adolescents beyond the years of supported implementation, potentially contributing to long-term public health benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %V 166 %P 141-8 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.183 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Community Psychol %D 2012 %T Sustaining the utilization and high quality implementation of tested and effective prevention programs using the Communities That Care prevention system. %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Hanson, Koren %A Briney, John S %A Hawkins, J D %K Community Networks %K Health Care Surveys %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Models, Organizational %K Preventive Medicine %K Quality of Health Care %K United States %X

This paper describes the extent to which communities implementing the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system adopt, replicate with fidelity, and sustain programs shown to be effective in reducing adolescent drug use, delinquency, and other problem behaviors. Data were collected from directors of community-based agencies and coalitions, school principals, service providers, and teachers, all of whom participated in a randomized, controlled evaluation of CTC in 24 communities. The results indicated significantly increased use and sustainability of tested, effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities, during the active phase of the research project when training, technical assistance, and funding were provided to intervention sites, and 2 years following provision of such resources. At both time points, intervention communities also delivered prevention services to a significantly greater number of children and parents. The quality of implementation was high in both conditions, with only one significant difference: CTC sites were significantly more likely than control sites to monitor the quality of implementation during the sustainability phase of the project.

%B Am J Community Psychol %V 49 %P 365-77 %8 2012 Jun %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1007/s10464-011-9463-9 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work Health Care %D 2012 %T Understanding the critical role of social work in safety net medical settings: framework for research and practice in the emergency department. %A Moore, Megan %A Ekman, Eve %A Shumway, Martha %K Emergency Service, Hospital %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act %K Professional Role %K Research %K Social Work %X

Social workers in Emergency Departments (ED) provide counseling, community resource linkage, and discharge planning. The ED is a critical intervention point for patients with multiple unmet medical, psychological, and social needs, and little or no other contact with service providers. In part because of its role as a medical safety net for underserved populations, use of the ED has steadily increased over time. There is limited research examining the utility of social services in the ED. This article provides a brief history of hospital social work and a literature review of ED social work research with the goal of advancing current research and practice agendas.

%B Soc Work Health Care %V 51 %P 140-8 %8 2012 %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1080/00981389.2011.610872 %0 Journal Article %J Acta Cardiol %D 2012 %T Vertebral artery dissection secondary to defibrillation threshold testing. %A Gavin, Andrew R %A McGavigan, Andrew D %A Singleton, Cameron %K Cardiomyopathies %K Defibrillators, Implantable %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Myocardial Ischemia %K Vertebral Artery Dissection %X

We report a case of vertebral artery dissection presenting 2 days after ICD implantation with defibrillation threshold testing in a 57-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy. The association between vertebral artery dissection and neck trauma and the role of DFT testing in ICD implantation are discussed.

%B Acta Cardiol %V 67 %P 359-61 %8 2012 Jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.2143/AC.67.3.2160729 %0 Journal Article %J Lancet %D 2012 %T Worldwide application of prevention science in adolescent health. %A Catalano, Richard F %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Gavin, Loretta E %A Greenberg, Mark T %A Irwin, Charles E %A Ross, David A %A Shek, Daniel T L %K Adolescent Medicine %K Child %K Global Health %K Government Programs %K Health Behavior %K Health Status %K Humans %K Public Health %K Young Adult %X

The burden of morbidity and mortality from non-communicable disease has risen worldwide and is accelerating in low-income and middle-income countries, whereas the burden from infectious diseases has declined. Since this transition, the prevention of non-communicable disease as well as communicable disease causes of adolescent mortality has risen in importance. Problem behaviours that increase the short-term or long-term likelihood of morbidity and mortality, including alcohol, tobacco, and other drug misuse, mental health problems, unsafe sex, risky and unsafe driving, and violence are largely preventable. In the past 30 years new discoveries have led to prevention science being established as a discipline designed to mitigate these problem behaviours. Longitudinal studies have provided an understanding of risk and protective factors across the life course for many of these problem behaviours. Risks cluster across development to produce early accumulation of risk in childhood and more pervasive risk in adolescence. This understanding has led to the construction of developmentally appropriate prevention policies and programmes that have shown short-term and long-term reductions in these adolescent problem behaviours. We describe the principles of prevention science, provide examples of efficacious preventive interventions, describe challenges and potential solutions to take efficacious prevention policies and programmes to scale, and conclude with recommendations to reduce the burden of adolescent mortality and morbidity worldwide through preventive intervention.

%B Lancet %V 379 %P 1653-64 %8 2012 Apr 28 %G eng %N 9826 %R 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60238-4 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2011 %T Allostasis model facilitates understanding race differences in the diurnal cortisol rhythm. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Coe, Christopher L %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K African Continental Ancestry Group %K Allostasis %K Circadian Rhythm %K Continental Population Groups %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Hydrocortisone %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Saliva %K Sex Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Young Adult %X

The concept of allostasis suggests that greater cumulative stress burden can influence stress-responsive physiology. Dysregulation of allostatic mediators, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is thought to precede many other signs of age-related pathology as the persistent burden of stressors accumulates over the individual's life span. We predicted that even in young adulthood, HPA regulation would differ between Blacks and Whites, reflecting, in part, higher rates of stressor exposure and greater potential for stressors to "get under the skin." We examined whether stressor exposure, including experiences with racism and discrimination, explained race differences in waking cortisol and the diurnal rhythm. We also examined whether HPA functioning was associated with mental health outcomes previously linked to cortisol. Salivary cortisol was assayed in 275 young adults (127 Blacks, 148 Whites, 19 to 22 years old), four times a day across 3 days. Hierarchical linear models revealed flatter slopes for Blacks, reflecting significantly lower waking and higher bedtime cortisol levels compared to Whites. Associations of HPA functioning with stressors were typically more robust for Whites such that more stress exposure created an HPA profile that resembled that of Black young adults. For Blacks, greater stressor exposure did not further impact HPA functioning, or, when significant, was often associated with higher cortisol levels. Across both races, flatter slopes generally indicated greater HPA dysregulation and were associated with poor mental health outcomes. These differential effects were more robust for Whites. These findings support an allostatic model in which social contextual factors influence normal biorhythms, even as early as young adulthood.

%B Dev Psychopathol %V 23 %P 1167-86 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1017/S095457941100054X %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2011 %T Associations between changing developmental contexts and risky sexual behavior in the two years following high school. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A White, Helene R %A Catalano, Richard F %K Attitude to Health %K Comorbidity %K Condoms %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Partners %K Sexually Transmitted Diseases %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

The present study tested associations between common developmental contexts (relationship involvement, independent living, college attendance, work) and risky sexual behavior (casual sex, inconsistent condom use, high-risk sex) across the 2 years following high school. Data were drawn from the Raising Healthy Children project, and included 801 participants aged 18-21 years. Longitudinal analyses, which controlled for early sexual debut, high school substance use, and high school grades, showed that living with a parent was protective against all three sexual risk behavior outcomes (ORs about 0.70). Being in a romantic relationship was associated with a lower probability of casual sex, but a higher probability of inconsistent condom use. Attending college was associated with a lower probability of high-risk sex (OR = 0.67). Working was not related to the sexual risk behaviors examined. Levels of sexual risk behavior showed little change across the 2 years following high school. Findings from this study suggest that developmental context may affect young adults' engagement in risky sexual behavior. Programs aimed at promoting sexual health and reducing risk behaviors for STIs among young adults should consider targeting those in romantic relationships, those not living with parents, and those not attending college. Further, to develop effective prevention programs for these targeted youth, it is critical that we understand the mechanisms leading to risky sex in these groups.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 40 %P 951-60 %8 2011 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10508-010-9633-0 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Patient Care STDS %D 2011 %T Buffering effects of general and medication-specific social support on the association between substance use and HIV medication adherence. %A Lehavot, Keren %A Huh, David %A Walters, Karina L %A King, Kevin M %A Andrasik, Michele P %A Simoni, Jane M %K Adult %K Anti-HIV Agents %K Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Patient Compliance %K Social Support %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

The success of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among persons living with HIV is largely dependent on strict medication adherence. Recent research suggests that alcohol and other drug use (AOD) may be an important barrier to HAART adherence. In this study, we examined the impact of AOD on HAART adherence as well as the moderating effects of general and medication-specific social support. The data were collected as part of a longitudinal randomized control trial with 224 HIV-positive patients at an HIV primary care clinic in the northwestern United States. Findings indicated that AOD use was negatively associated with HAART adherence and that medication-specific (but not general) social support moderated the AOD-adherence association at 3 (but not at 6 or 9) months. Results indicate the importance of medication-specific social support to treat comorbid AOD use and HIV; implications for future research and intervention programs for HIV-positive AOD users are discussed.

%B AIDS Patient Care STDS %V 25 %P 181-9 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1089/apc.2010.0314 %0 Journal Article %J Crim Behav Ment Health %D 2011 %T Bullying at elementary school and problem behaviour in young adulthood: a study of bullying, violence and substance use from age 11 to age 21. %A Kim, Min J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Alcoholism %K Bullying %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Regression Analysis %K Schools %K Students %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

AIM: The main aim of this paper is to investigate to what extent self-reported bullying at Grade 5 predicts later violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21.

METHOD: Univariate and multivariate associations between bullying and later outcomes were examined based on a longitudinal community sample of 957 young people from the Raising Healthy Children project.

RESULTS: Childhood bullying was significantly associated with violence, heavy drinking and marijuana use at age 21. These associations held up after controlling for prior risk factors.

CONCLUSIONS: Childhood bullying had unique associations with risk of later violence and substance use among young adults. Early intervention to prevent childhood bullying may also reduce other adverse outcomes later in life.

%B Crim Behav Ment Health %V 21 %P 136-44 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/cbm.804 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2011 %T Change in sexual activity 12 months after ART initiation among HIV-positive Mozambicans. %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Cassels, Susan %A Kurth, Ann E %A Montoya, Pablo %A Micek, Mark A %A Gloyd, Stephen S %K Adult %K Anti-Retroviral Agents %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Mozambique %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Truth Disclosure %K Young Adult %X

We assessed sexual behaviors before and 12-months after ART initiation among 277 Mozambicans attending an HIV clinic. Measured behaviors included the number of sexual partners, condom use, concurrent relationships, disclosure of HIV status, alcohol use, and partners' serostatus. Compared to before ART initiation, increases were seen 12 months after ART in the proportion of participants who were sexually active (48% vs. 64% respondents, P < 0.001) and the proportion of participants with HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partners (45% vs. 80%, P < 0.001). Almost all (96%) concurrent partnerships reported at 12 months formed after ART initiation. Although reported correct and consist condom use increased, the number of unprotected sexual relationships remained the same (n = 45). Non-disclosure of HIV-serostatus to sexual partners was the only significant predictor of practicing unprotected sex with partners of HIV-negative or unknown serostatus. Sexual activity among HIV-positive persons on ART increased 12 months after ART initiation. Ongoing secondary transmission prevention programs addressing sexual activity with multiple partners, disclosure to partners and consistent condom use with serodisconcordant partners must be incorporated throughout HIV care programs.

%B AIDS Behav %V 15 %P 778-87 %8 2011 May %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10461-010-9852-3 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Changes in self-control problems and attention problems during middle school predict alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use during high school. %A King, Kevin M %A Fleming, Charles B %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcohol Drinking %K Attention %K Child %K Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Self Concept %K Smoking %X

Although deficits in impulse control have been linked to adolescent use of alcohol and illicit drugs, less attention has been given to variability in change in impulse control across adolescence and whether this variability may be a signal of risk for early substance use. The goals of the current study were to examine growth in two aspects of impulse control, self-control problems and attention problems, across middle adolescence, and to test the prospective effects of level and change in these variables on levels and change over time in substance use. Data are from a community sample of 955 adolescents interviewed (along with their parents and teachers) annually from 6th to 11th grade. Results indicated that greater self-control problems and attentional problems in the 6th grade and increases in these problems over time were associated with higher levels of substance use at 11th grade. Our results suggest that modeling change over time enhances the understanding of how impulse control influences the development of substance use.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 69-79 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1037/a0021958 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Against Women %D 2011 %T Commentary. %A Conte, Jon R %K Crime Victims %K Ethics, Research %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Social Sciences %K Spouse Abuse %B Violence Against Women %V 17 %P 1521-8; discussion 1549-58 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1177/1077801211436233 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2011 %T Context matters: real-world and utilization-focused evaluation strategies to support change and improvement in child welfare. %A Ward, Kristin J %A Maher, Erin J %A Marcynyszyn, Lyscha A %A Ellis, Mei Ling K %A Pecora, Peter J %K Achievement %K Child %K Child Welfare %K Education %K Employment %K Guidelines as Topic %K Humans %K Program Evaluation %K Social Support %K United States %X

This article examines the importance of context in evaluative inquiry. Following guidelines from real-world and utilization-focused evaluation frameworks, four projects are described to illustrate one foundation's pragmatic approach to evaluation that values collaboration, methodological appropriateness, and utilization. The authors contend that such an approach helps to ensure meaningful and actionable results in child welfare because it is responsive to local agency information and capacity needs while simultaneously contributing to the knowledge base of the field.

%B Child Welfare %V 90 %P 29-47 %8 2011 %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Community Psychol %D 2011 %T Contextualizing acculturation: gender, family, and community reception influences on Asian immigrant mental health. %A Leu, Janxin %A Walton, Emily %A Takeuchi, David %K Acculturation %K Adult %K Asian Americans %K Communication Barriers %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Family Relations %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mental Health %K Mood Disorders %K Prejudice %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K United States %X

This article investigates differences in the mental health among male and female immigrants from an ecological perspective, testing the influences of both individual acculturation domains and social contexts. Data from the first nationally representative psychiatric survey of immigrant Asians in the US is used (N = 1,583). These data demonstrate the importance of understanding acculturation domains (e.g., individual differences in English proficiency, ethnic identity, and time in the US), within the social contexts of family, community, and neighborhood. Results demonstrate that among immigrant Asian women, the association between family conflict and mental health problems is stronger for those with higher ethnic identity; among immigrant Asian men, community reception (e.g., everyday discrimination) was more highly associated with increases in mental health symptoms among those with poor English fluency. Findings suggest that both individual domains of acculturation and social context measures contribute to immigrant mental health, and that it is important to consider these relationships within the context of gender.

%B Am J Community Psychol %V 48 %P 168-80 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1007/s10464-010-9360-7 %0 Journal Article %J J Womens Health (Larchmt) %D 2011 %T Diabetes and depression in pregnancy: is there an association? %A Katon, Jodie G %A Russo, Joan %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Katon, Wayne J %K Adult %K Attitude to Health %K Cohort Studies %K Comorbidity %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depression %K Diabetes, Gestational %K Female %K Humans %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy in Diabetics %K Prenatal Care %K Prevalence %K Prospective Studies %K Quality of Life %K Risk Factors %K United States %K Women's Health %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have reported inconsistent findings regarding the association of antenatal depression with pregnancy-related diabetes. This study examined the association of diabetes and antenatal depression.

METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective cohort study of pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a single University of Washington Medical Center clinic between January 2004 and January 2009. The primary exposure was diabetes in pregnancy (no diabetes, preexisting diabetes, or gestational diabetes [GDM]). Antenatal depression was defined by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) score or current use of antidepressants. Antenatal depression was coded as (1) any depression (probable major or minor depression by PHQ-9 or current antidepressant use) and (2) major depression (probable major depression by PHQ-9 or current antidepressant use). Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between diabetes in pregnancy and antenatal depression.

RESULTS: The prevalences of preexisting diabetes, GDM, any antenatal depression, and major antenatal depression were 9%, 18%, 13.6%, and 9.8%, respectively. In the unadjusted analysis, women with preexisting diabetes had 54% higher odds of any antenatal depression compared to those without diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.08-2.21). After adjusting for important covariates the association was attenuated (OR 1.16, 95% CI 0.79-1.71). Results were similar for antenatal major depression. GDM was not associated with increased odds for any antenatal depression or antenatal major depression.

CONCLUSIONS: Neither preexisting diabetes nor GDM was independently associated with increased risk of antenatal depression.

%B J Womens Health (Larchmt) %V 20 %P 983-9 %8 2011 Jul %G eng %N 7 %R 10.1089/jwh.2010.2662 %0 Journal Article %J Health & Place %D 2011 %T Drug use and risk among youth in different rural contexts. %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Risk Assessment %K Rural Population %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Urban Population %X

This study compared levels of drug use and risk and protective factors among 18,767 adolescent youths from communities of less than 50,000 in population living either on farms, in the country but not on farms, or in towns. Current alcohol use, smokeless tobacco use, inhalant use, and other illicit drug use were more prevalent among high school-aged youths living on farms than among those living in towns. Prevalence of drug use did not significantly vary across youths living in different residential contexts among middle school youths. While risk and protective factors showed associations of similar magnitude with drug use across residential location, high school students living on farms were exposed to greater numbers of risk factors across multiple domains than were students living in towns. The findings suggest that outreach to farm-dwelling youths may be particularly important for interventions seeking to prevent adolescent drug use in rural settings.

%B Health & Place %V 17 %P 775-83 %8 2011 May %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.healthplace.2011.02.003 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Early age alcohol use and later alcohol problems in adolescents: Individual and peer mediators in a bi-national study. %A Mason, W A %A Toumbourou, John W %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Statistical %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Social Control, Informal %K Students %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

This paper examines whether there is cross-national similarity in the longitudinal relationship between early age alcohol use and adolescent alcohol problems. Potential mechanisms underlying this relationship also are examined, testing adolescent alcohol use, low self-regulation, and peer deviance as possible mediators. Students (N = 1,945) participating in the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal panel survey study, responded to questions on alcohol use and influencing factors, and were followed annually over a 3-year period from 2002 to 2004 (98% retention rate). State-representative, community student samples were recruited in grade 7 in Washington State, United States (US, n = 961, 78% of those eligible; Mage = 13.09, SD = .44) and Victoria, Australia (n = 984, 76% of those eligible; Mage = 12.93, SD = .41). Analyses were conducted using multiple-group structural equation modeling. In both states, early age alcohol use (age 13) had a small but statistically significant association with subsequent alcohol problems (age 15). Overall, there was little evidence for mediation of early alcohol effects. Low self-regulation prospectively predicted peer deviance, alcohol use, and alcohol problems in both states. Peer deviance was more positively related to alcohol use and low self-regulation among students in Victoria compared to students in Washington State. The small but persistent association of early age alcohol use with alcohol problems across both samples is consistent with efforts to delay alcohol initiation to help prevent problematic alcohol use. Self-regulation was an important influence, supporting the need to further investigate the developmental contribution of neurobehavioral disinhibition.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 625-33 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0023320 %0 Journal Article %J J Sch Psychol %D 2011 %T The effect of family processes on school achievement as moderated by socioeconomic context. %A Oxford, Monica L %A Lee, Jungeun O %K Achievement %K Adolescent %K Child %K Child Development %K Educational Status %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Parenting %K Schools %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

This longitudinal study examined a model of early school achievement in reading and math, as it varies by socioeconomic context, using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development. A conceptual model was tested that included features of family stress, early parenting, and school readiness, through both a single-group analysis and also a multiple-group analysis. Latent profile analysis was used to identify subgroups of more advantaged and less advantaged families. Family stress and parenting were shown to operate differently depending on the socioeconomic context, whereas child-based school readiness characteristics were shown to operate similarly across socieodemographic contexts. Implications for intervention are discussed.

%B J Sch Psychol %V 49 %P 597-612 %8 2011 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jsp.2011.06.001 %0 Journal Article %J Exp Clin Psychopharmacol %D 2011 %T The effects of acute alcohol intoxication, partner risk level, and general intention to have unprotected sex on women's sexual decision making with a new partner. %A Purdie, Michele Parkhill %A Norris, Jeanette %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Zawacki, Tina %A Morrison, Diane M %A George, William H %A Kiekel, Preston A %K Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Alcoholism %K Breath Tests %K Central Nervous System Depressants %K Cognition %K Computers %K Condoms %K Decision Making %K Dose-Response Relationship, Drug %K Ethanol %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Intention %K Models, Psychological %K Risk %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Software %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

Women account for a quarter of all new HIV/AIDS cases, with approximately 65% having contracted the infection via heterosexual contact. Few experimental studies have examined interactions among background, partner, and situational characteristics in predicting women's sexual decisions. The Cognitive Mediation Model provides a useful theoretical framework for assessing likelihood of unprotected sex. Female social drinkers (n = 230) who had answered questions related to their general intention to have unprotected sex were randomly assigned to an experimental condition based on partner risk level (unknown, low, high) and beverage (control, placebo, low dose, high dose). Participants projected themselves into a story depicting a sexual situation with a man and answered questions about their cognitive appraisals, assertive condom request, and likelihood of unprotected sex. Alcohol effects on appraisal of sexual potential differed by partner risk condition. In the unknown and low risk conditions, placebo and alcohol participants appraised the situation as having greater sexual potential than controls whereas in the high risk condition, only those who consumed alcohol did so. Sexual potential appraisals in turn predicted impelling cognitions about having sex, which in turn predicted assertive condom request and unprotected sex intentions. General intention for unprotected sex independently predicted cognitive appraisals and outcomes. These findings highlight the need for prevention programs that focus on teaching women how to pay attention and consider sexual risk cues presented by potential partners, particularly when under the influence of alcohol.

%B Exp Clin Psychopharmacol %V 19 %P 378-88 %8 2011 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0024792 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %D 2011 %T Effects of moral outrage on child welfare reform. %A Wilson, Dee %A Puckett, Alan %K Anger %K Child Abuse %K Child, Preschool %K Community-Institutional Relations %K Health Care Reform %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant, Newborn %K Mass Media %K Morals %K Neonatal Screening %K Risk Assessment %K Social Work %K United States %K Whistleblowing %B Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %V 165 %P 977-8 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.177 %0 Journal Article %J Alcohol Res Health %D 2011 %T Engaging communities to prevent underage drinking. %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %X

Community-based efforts offer broad potential for achieving population-level reductions in alcohol misuse among youth and young adults. A common feature of successful community strategies is reliance on local coalitions to select and fully implement preventive interventions that have been shown to be effective in changing factors that influence risk of youth engaging in alcohol use, including both proximal influences and structural and/or environmental factors related to alcohol use. Inclusion of a universal, school-based prevention curriculum in the larger community-based effort is associated with the reduction of alcohol use by youth younger than 18 years of age and can help reach large numbers of youth with effective alcohol misuse prevention.

%B Alcohol Res Health %V 34 %P 167-74 %8 2011 %G eng %N 2 %R SPS-AR&H-35 %0 Journal Article %J Gen Hosp Psychiatry %D 2011 %T Enhancing the population impact of collaborative care interventions: mixed method development and implementation of stepped care targeting posttraumatic stress disorder and related comorbidities after acute trauma. %A Zatzick, Douglas %A Rivara, Frederick %A Jurkovich, Gregory %A Russo, Joan %A Trusz, Sarah Geiss %A Wang, Jin %A Wagner, Amy %A Stephens, Kari %A Dunn, Chris %A Uehara, Edwina %A Petrie, Megan %A Engel, Charles %A Davydow, Dimitri %A Katon, Wayne %K Adult %K Aged %K Clinical Protocols %K Cognitive Therapy %K Comorbidity %K Cooperative Behavior %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Models, Theoretical %K Patient Care Team %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Survivors %K Trauma Centers %K Wounds and Injuries %X

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to develop and implement a stepped collaborative care intervention targeting posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related comorbidities to enhance the population impact of early trauma-focused interventions.

METHOD: We describe the design and implementation of the Trauma Survivors Outcomes and Support study. An interdisciplinary treatment development team was composed of trauma surgical, clinical psychiatric and mental health services "change agents" who spanned the boundaries between frontline trauma center clinical care and acute care policy. Mixed method clinical epidemiologic and clinical ethnographic studies informed the development of PTSD screening and intervention procedures.

RESULTS: Two hundred seven acutely injured trauma survivors with high early PTSD symptom levels were randomized into the study. The stepped collaborative care model integrated care management (i.e., posttraumatic concern elicitation and amelioration, motivational interviewing and behavioral activation) with cognitive behavioral therapy and pharmacotherapy targeting PTSD. The model was feasibly implemented by frontline acute care masters in social work and nurse practioner providers.

CONCLUSIONS: Stepped care protocols targeting PTSD may enhance the population impact of early interventions developed for survivors of individual and mass trauma by extending the reach of collaborative care interventions to acute care medical settings and other nonspecialty posttraumatic contexts.

%B Gen Hosp Psychiatry %V 33 %P 123-34 %8 2011 Mar-Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2011.01.001 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T An examination of the validity of retrospective measures of suicide attempts in youth. %A Mazza, James J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Anxiety %K Attitude to Health %K Child %K Comorbidity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Impulsive Behavior %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Peer Group %K Retrospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Self Concept %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Suicide, Attempted %K United States %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: This study used prospective data to investigate the validity of a retrospective measure of suicide attempts from four different perspectives.

METHODS: Data were retrieved from 883 participants in the Raising Healthy Children project, a longitudinal study of youth recruited from a Pacific Northwest school district. The retrospective measure was collected when participants were 18-19 years of age and results were compared with measures of depressive symptoms collected prospectively.

RESULTS: Results showed strong corroboration between retrospective reports of first suicide attempt and prospective measures of depression, with attempters experiencing significantly more depression than their nonattempting peers, t (df = 853) = 10.26, p < .001. In addition, within the attempter group, depression scores during the year of their reported first attempt were significantly higher than the average depression score across previous years, t (df = 67) = 3.01, p < .01.

CONCLUSIONS: Results from this study suggest that the reports of older adolescents regarding their suicide attempts are corroborated by their prospective reports of depression in childhood and earlier adolescence. Thus, there is support that retrospective measures of suicidal behavior, namely suicide attempts, may be a valid method of assessment.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 532-7 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.04.009 %0 Journal Article %J Ann Behav Med %D 2011 %T Exploring the intergenerational transmission of illness behavior: from observations to experimental intervention. %A Levy, Rona L %K Abdominal Pain %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Child %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Cognitive Therapy %K Humans %K Illness Behavior %K Intergenerational Relations %K Irritable Bowel Syndrome %K Models, Psychological %K Observation %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Program Development %X

BACKGROUND: Functional abdominal pain (FAP) of childhood is characterized by, among other things, pain with no known physiological cause, and family patterns of related disorders have been reported.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this paper is to trace the development of one FAP research program and highlight some of its key findings from observations of interaction patterns to intervention studies designed to test outcomes of altering these patterns.

METHODS: Studies summarized include observational and experimental research.

RESULTS: Parental response to child pain behaviors appears to be a key factor in the development and maintenance of FAP, and intervention which includes targeting changes in parental responses can decrease reports of pain and other illness behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS: Research into FAP can provide valuable information for not only FAP and other unexplained pain conditions, but other medical conditions where environmental responses may play an important role in their etiology and maintenance.

%B Ann Behav Med %V 41 %P 174-82 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s12160-010-9254-9 %0 Journal Article %J Addiction %D 2011 %T Gender differences in the impact of families on alcohol use: a lagged longitudinal study of early adolescents. %A Kelly, Adrian B %A O'Flaherty, Martin %A Toumbourou, John W %A Connor, Jason P %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Family Relations %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Models, Statistical %K Parents %K Peer Group %K Sex Factors %K Victoria %X

AIMS: From the pre-teen to the mid-teen years, rates of alcohol use and misuse increase rapidly. Cross-sectional research shows that positive family emotional climate (low conflict, high closeness) is protective, and there is emerging evidence that these protective mechanisms are different for girls versus boys. The aim of this study was to explore gender differences in the longitudinal impact of family emotional climate on adolescent alcohol use and exposure to peer drinking networks.

DESIGN: Three-wave two-level (individual, within-individual over time) ordinal logistic regression with alcohol use in the past year as the dependent measure and family variables lagged by 1 year.

SETTING: Adolescents completed surveys during school hours.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 855 Australian students (modal age 10-11 years at baseline) participating in the International Youth Development Study (Victoria, Australia).

MEASUREMENTS: These included emotional closeness to mother/father, family conflict, parent disapproval of alcohol use and peer alcohol use.

FINDINGS: For girls, the effect of emotional closeness to mothers on alcohol use was mediated by exposure to high-risk peer networks. Parent disapproval of alcohol use was protective for both genders, but this effect was larger for boys versus girls, and there was no evidence that peer use mediated this effect. Peer drinking networks showed stronger direct risk effects than family variables.

CONCLUSIONS: Family factors unidirectionally impact on growth in adolescent alcohol use and effects vary with child gender.

%B Addiction %V 106 %P 1427-36 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03435.x %0 Journal Article %J Am J Epidemiol %D 2011 %T Health across the life span in the United States and England. %A Martinson, Melissa L %A Teitler, Julien O %A Reichman, Nancy E %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Distribution %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asthma %K Biomarkers %K Body Mass Index %K Cardiovascular Diseases %K Child %K Child, Preschool %K Chronic Disease %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Diabetes Mellitus %K England %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Infant %K Infant, Newborn %K Life Expectancy %K Lipids %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Sex Distribution %K United States %K Young Adult %X

This study systematically compared health indicators in the United States and England from childhood through old age (ages 0-80 years). Data were from the 1999-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the United States (n = 39,849) and the 2003-2006 Health Survey for England (n = 69,084). Individuals in the United States have higher rates of most chronic diseases and markers of disease than their same-age counterparts in England. Differences at young ages are as large as those at older ages for most conditions, including obesity, low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high cholesterol ratio, high C-reactive protein, hypertension (for females), diabetes, asthma, heart attack or angina (for females), and stroke (for females). For males, heart attack or angina is higher in the United States only at younger ages, and hypertension is higher in England than in the United States at young ages. The patterns were similar when the sample was restricted to whites, the insured, nonobese, nonsmoking nondrinkers, and specific income categories and when stratified by normal weight, overweight, and obese weight categories. The findings from this study indicate that US health disadvantages compared with England arise at early ages and that differences in the body weight distributions of the 2 countries do not play a clear role.

%B Am J Epidemiol %V 173 %P 858-65 %8 2011 Apr 15 %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1093/aje/kwq325 %0 Journal Article %J Vaccine %D 2011 %T HPV vaccination among a community sample of young adult women. %A Manhart, Lisa E %A Burgess-Hull, Albert J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Demography %K Educational Status %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Papillomavirus Infections %K Papillomavirus Vaccines %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Smoking %K United States %K Vaccination %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: Despite the high efficacy of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, uptake has been slow and little data on psychosocial barriers to vaccination exist.

METHODS: A community sample of 428 women enrolled in a longitudinal study of social development in the Seattle WA metropolitan area were interviewed about HPV vaccine status, attitudes, and barriers to HPV vaccination in spring 2008 or 2009 at ∼age 22.

RESULTS: Nineteen percent of women had initiated vaccination, 10% had completed the series, and ∼40% of unvaccinated women intended to get vaccinated. Peer approval was associated with vaccine initiation (adjusted prevalence ratio (APR) 2.1; 95% confidence interval 1.4-3.2) and intention to vaccinate (APR 1.4; 1.1-1.9). Belief the vaccine is <75% effective was associated with less initiation (APR 0.6; 0.4-0.9) or intention to vaccinate (APR 0.5; 0.4-0.7). Vaccine initiation was also less likely among cigarette smokers and illegal drug users, whereas intention to vaccinate was more common among women currently attending school or with >5 lifetime sex partners, but less common among women perceiving low susceptibility to HPV (APR 0.6; 0.5-0.9).

CONCLUSIONS: HPV vaccination uptake was low in this community sample of young adult women. Increasing awareness of susceptibility to HPV and the high efficacy of the vaccine, along with peer interventions to increase acceptability, may be most effective.

%B Vaccine %V 29 %P 5238-44 %8 2011 Jul 18 %G eng %N 32 %R 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.024 %0 Journal Article %J J Immigr Minor Health %D 2011 %T Immigration, acculturation and chronic back and neck problems among Latino-Americans. %A Bui, Quynh %A Doescher, Mark %A Takeuchi, David %A Taylor, Vicky %K Acculturation %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Back Pain %K Chronic Disease %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Neck Pain %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

Higher acculturation is associated with increased obesity and depression among Latino-Americans, but not much is known about how acculturation is related to their prevalence of back and neck problems. This study examines whether acculturation is associated with the 12-month prevalence of self-reported chronic back or neck problems among US-born and immigrant Latinos. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis of data from 2,553 noninstitutionalized Latino adults from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Survey (NLAAS). After adjusting for demographic, physical and mental health indicators, English proficiency, nativity and higher generational status were all significantly positively associated with the report of chronic back or neck problems. Among immigrants, the proportion of lifetime in the US was not significantly associated. Our findings suggest that the report of chronic back or neck problems is higher among more acculturated Latino-Americans independent of health status, obesity, and the presence of depression.

%B J Immigr Minor Health %V 13 %P 194-201 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s10903-010-9371-3 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2011 %T The influence of client behavior during motivational interviewing on marijuana treatment outcome. %A Walker, Denise %A Stephens, Robert %A Rowland, Jared %A Roffman, Roger %K Adult %K Behavior, Addictive %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Interview, Psychological %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Motivation %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Psychotherapy %K Treatment Outcome %X

Psychotherapy process research continues to be important in identifying within session client and therapist behaviors related to outcome. Motivational Interviewing (MI) assumes that the type of client language elicited within session is important. Client behavior was coded from 61 MI sessions with marijuana dependent adults. Sessions were coded for client language using the Client Language and Commitment Scale. Client statements indicating desire and reasons for change were significantly predictive of marijuana treatment outcome through the 34-month follow-up above and beyond baseline levels of marijuana use or motivation for change. Commitment language was not associated with outcomes. These findings suggest specific types of client language statements predict marijuana treatment outcome and are durable to a 34-month follow-up.

%B Addict Behav %V 36 %P 669-73 %8 2011 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.009 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2011 %T Influence of family factors and supervised alcohol use on adolescent alcohol use and harms: similarities between youth in different alcohol policy contexts. %A McMorris, Barbara J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Kim, Min J %A Toumbourou, John W %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Family Characteristics %K Female %K Harm Reduction %K Health Policy %K Humans %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Risk Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Victoria %K Washington %X

OBJECTIVE: Harm-minimization policies suggest that alcohol use is a part of normal adolescent development and that parents should supervise their children's use to encourage responsible drinking. Zero-tolerance policies suggest that all underage alcohol use should be discouraged. This article compared hypotheses derived from harm-minimization and zero-tolerance policies regarding the influence of family context and supervised drinking on adolescent alcohol use and related harms among adolescents in Washington State, USA, and Victoria, Australia, two states that have respectively adopted zero-tolerance and harm-minimization policies.

METHOD: Representative samples of seventh-grade students (N = 1,945; 989 females) were recruited from schools in each state. Students completed comprehensive questionnaires on alcohol use, related problem behaviors, and risk and protective factors annually from 2002 to 2004 when they were in ninth grade.

RESULTS: Relationships between family context and alcohol use and harmful use were very similar in both states. Adult-supervised settings for alcohol use were associated with higher levels of harmful alcohol consequences. Adult-supervised alcohol use mediated the links between favorable parental attitudes to alcohol use and ninth-grade alcohol use for students in both states.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite policy differences in the two states, relationships between family context variables and alcohol use and harmful use are remarkably similar. Adult-supervised settings for alcohol use resulted in higher levels of harmful alcohol consequences, contrary to predictions derived from harm-minimization policy. Findings challenge the harm-minimization position that supervised alcohol use or early-age alcohol use will reduce the development of adolescent alcohol problems.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 72 %P 418-28 %8 2011 May %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2011 %T An initial trial of a computerized behavioral intervention for cannabis use disorder. %A Budney, Alan J %A Fearer, Stephanie %A Walker, Denise D %A Stanger, Catherine %A Thostenson, Jeff %A Grabinski, Michael %A Bickel, Warren K %K Adult %K Cognitive Therapy %K Computer-Assisted Instruction %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Motivation %K Young Adult %X

The most potent outcomes for cannabis use disorders have been observed with a combination of three evidence-based interventions, motivational enhancement therapy (MET), cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and abstinence-based contingency-management (CM). Access to this intervention remains limited because of cost and service availability issues. This report describes the initial stages of a project designed to develop and test a computer-assisted version of MET/CBT/CM that could address many of the current barriers to its dissemination. A nonrandomized, 12-week comparison study assigned 38 adults seeking treatment for a cannabis use disorder to either therapist-delivered (n=22) or computer-delivered (n=16) MET/CBT/CM. Attendance, retention, and cannabis use outcomes did not differ significantly between groups, and there were no indications of superior outcomes favoring therapist delivery. Participants provided positive ratings of the computer-delivered sessions. These preliminary findings suggest that computer-assisted delivery of MET/CBT/CM is acceptable to outpatients and does not adversely impact compliance or outcomes achieved during treatment with MET/CBT/CM for cannabis use disorders. Assessment of post-treatment outcomes and replication in randomized trials are needed to determine reliability and longer term effects. As observed in a growing number of studies, computerized therapies have the potential to increase access to, reduce costs, and enhance fidelity of providing evidence-based treatments without sacrificing and possibly enhancing effectiveness.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 115 %P 74-9 %8 2011 May 1 %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.10.014 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2011 %T Intimate partner survivors' help-seeking and protection efforts: a person-oriented analysis. %A Nurius, Paula S %A Macy, Rebecca J %A Nwabuzor, Ijeoma %A Holt, Victoria L %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Analysis of Variance %K Battered Women %K Cohort Studies %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Sexual Partners %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Spouse Abuse %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Survivors %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

Domestic violence advocates and researchers advocate for a survivor-centered approach for assisting women experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV), with individualized safety plans and services; yet little empirical work has been done to determine IPV survivors' specific combinations of vulnerabilities and assets that might inform such an approach. Using latent profile analysis of a cohort of 448 survivors, five distinct subgroups were previously identified in terms of biopsychosocial asset and vulnerability profiles. The purpose of the current study was to apply person-oriented methodology for survivor-centered investigation of differences in help-seeking and protective actions according to subgroup membership within this cohort. Though not differing demographically, the subgroups were found to differ significantly and meaningfully in their patterns of IPV help-seeking and protective actions. Thus, reliance on population-aggregate linear relationships between IPV exposure and safety efforts may risk overlooking important variation by vulnerability and asset profile, and knowledge of distinct clusters among functioning profiles may help with understanding of survivors' coping strategies.The authors outline service-need considerations across the subgroups and provide guidance for targeted outreach, locating IPV survivors and matching services to their needs.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 26 %P 539-66 %8 2011 Feb %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/0886260510363422 %0 Journal Article %J Ann Behav Med %D 2011 %T 'I've had unsafe sex so many times why bother being safe now?': the role of cognitions in sexual risk among American Indian/Alaska Native men who have sex with men. %A Nelson, Kimberly M %A Simoni, Jane M %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Walters, Karina L %K Adult %K Alaska %K Attitude to Health %K Cognition %K Condoms %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K HIV Infections %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Multivariate Analysis %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Partners %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Unsafe Sex %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and transmission.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate a potential area of focus for HIV prevention interventions by assessing the impact of sexual risk cognitions on sexual risk-taking among AI/AN MSM.

METHODS: AI/AN MSM (N = 173) from a national cross-sectional survey were analyzed.

RESULTS: Reporting more frequent sexual risk cognitions overall (high sexual risk cognitions) was associated with multiple HIV risk factors including unprotected anal intercourse and serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse. Participants with high sexual risk cognitions had a 2.3 (95% Confidence Interval: 1.1, 4.7) times greater odds of engaging in unprotected anal intercourse regardless of childhood sexual abuse, depression, and alcohol dependence. Most individual sexual risk cognitions were associated with unprotected anal intercourse, serodiscordant unprotected anal intercourse, or both.

CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that sexual risk cognitions may be a productive area for further work on HIV prevention among AI/AN MSM.

%B Ann Behav Med %V 42 %P 370-80 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1007/s12160-011-9302-0 %0 Journal Article %J Womens Health Issues %D 2011 %T Keeping our hearts from touching the ground: HIV/AIDS in American Indian and Alaska Native women. %A Walters, Karina L %A Beltran, Ramona %A Evans-Campbell, Tessa %A Simoni, Jane M %K Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Culture %K Epidemics %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Inuits %K Male %K Rape %K Residence Characteristics %K Spouse Abuse %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Women's Health %X

HIV/AIDS is a critical and growing challenge to American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women's health. Conceptually guided by the Indigenist Stress-Coping Model, this paper explores the historical and contemporary factors implicated in the HIV epidemic among AIAN women and the co-occurring epidemics of sexual violence and substance abuse. The authors also outline multiple indicators of resiliency in AIAN communities and stress the need for HIV prevention interventions for AIAN women to capitalize on cultural and community strengths.

%B Womens Health Issues %V 21 %P S261-5 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 6 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.whi.2011.08.005 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Sci Med %D 2011 %T A life course perspective on migration and mental health among Asian immigrants: the role of human agency. %A Gong, Fang %A Xu, Jun %A Fujishiro, Kaori %A Takeuchi, David T %K Acculturation %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asian Americans %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Female %K Humans %K Life Change Events %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Motivation %K Stress, Psychological %K United States %K Young Adult %X

The relationship between human agency and health is an important yet under-researched topic. This study uses a life course perspective to examine how human agency (measured by voluntariness, migratory reasons, and planning) and timing (measured by age at immigration) affect mental health outcomes among Asian immigrants in the United States. Data from the National Latino and Asian American Study showed that Asian immigrants (n=1491) with multiple strong reasons to migrate were less likely to suffer from mental health problems (i.e., psychological distress and psychiatric disorders in the past 12 months) than those without clear goals. Moreover, Asian immigrants with adequate migratory planning had lower levels of distress and lower rates of 12-month psychiatric disorders than those with poorly planned migration. Compared with migrants of the youngest age category (six or younger), those who migrated during preteen and adolescent years without clear goals had higher levels of psychological distress, and those who migrated during adulthood (25 years or older) were less likely to suffer from recent depressive disorders (with the exception of those migrating for life-improving goals). Furthermore, we found that well-planned migration lowered acculturative stress, and multiple strong reasons for migration buffered the negative effect of acculturative stress upon mental health. Findings from this study advance research on immigrant health from the life course perspective by highlighting the effects of exercising human agency during the pre-migration stage upon post-migration mental health.

%B Soc Sci Med %V 73 %P 1618-26 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 11 %R 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.09.014 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Against Women %D 2011 %T The long arc of recovery: characterizing intimate partner violence and its psychosocial effects across 17 years. %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Beadnell, Blair %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Anxiety %K Battered Women %K Child %K Depression %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Mental Health %K Poverty %K Pregnancy %K Sexual Partners %K Spouse Abuse %K Time %K Young Adult %X

Little is known about how intimate partner violence (IPV) affects women's long-term mental health. Using 17 years of data from adolescent mothers, this study (a) empirically identified three subgroups based on patterns of IPV exposure during 4 years of their adolescence; (b) found that subgroup membership was a predictor of psychosocial outcomes in the subsequent 13 years, and (c) showed that the long-term effects of IPV exposure persisted even while controlling for the role of early poverty. By their 30s, women had recovered from IPV such that there were no significant differences between groups at the final time point.

%B Violence Against Women %V 17 %P 480-99 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/1077801211404548 %0 Journal Article %J Crim Behav Ment Health %D 2011 %T Longitudinal consequences of adolescent bullying perpetration and victimisation: A study of students in Victoria, Australia. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Bond, Lyndal %A Kim, Min J %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Bullying %K Crime Victims %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Peer Group %K Schools %K Social Environment %K Students %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Victoria %X

AIMS: To examine the associations between self-reported bullying perpetration and victimisation in Years 7 and 10 and a range of psychosocial outcomes in Year 11.

METHOD: This analysis draws on data from the International Youth Development Study, a longitudinal study of 5769 students from Victoria, Australia and Washington State, United States who were recruited through schools in Years 5, 7 and 9 in 2002. Data for the current results are taken from participants in the youngest (Year 5) Victorian cohort of the study.

RESULTS: Rates of bullying victimisation exceeded 30% and up to one in five students had engaged in bullying. Adjusted logistic regression analyses revealed that bullying perpetration, and bullying victimisation in Year 7 did not significantly predict psychosocial outcomes in Year 11. Bullying perpetration in Year 10 was associated with an increased likelihood of theft, violent behaviour and binge drinking. Year 10 bullying victimisation was associated with an increased likelihood of Year 11 depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSIONS: Prevention approaches that target bullying perpetration and victimisation are necessary. Programmes that lessen bullying may also have an impact on other proximally related behaviours, including binge drinking and depression.

%B Crim Behav Ment Health %V 21 %P 107-16 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/cbm.802 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2011 %T Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. %A Sousa, Cindy %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Moylan, Carrie A %A Tajima, Emiko A %A Klika, J B %A Herrenkohl, Roy C %A Russo, M J %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Aggression %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Domestic Violence %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Object Attachment %K Parent-Child Relations %K Social Conformity %X

This study examined the unique and combined effects of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence on later attachment to parents and antisocial behavior during adolescence. Analyses also investigated whether the interaction of exposure and low attachment predicted youth outcomes. Findings suggest that, although youth dually exposed to abuse and domestic violence were less attached to parents in adolescence than those who were not exposed, for those who were abused only and those who were exposed only to domestic violence, the relationship between exposure types and youth outcomes did not differ by level of attachment to parents. However, stronger bonds of attachment to parents in adolescence did appear to predict a lower risk of antisocial behavior independent of exposure status. Preventing child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence could lessen the risk of antisocial behavior during adolescence, as could strengthening parent-child attachments in adolescence. However, strengthening attachments between parents and children after exposure may not be sufficient to counter the negative impact of earlier violence trauma in children.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 26 %P 111-36 %8 2011 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/0886260510362883 %0 Journal Article %J J Ethn Subst Abuse %D 2011 %T Malt liquor marketing in inner cities: the role of neighborhood racial composition. %A McKee, Pat %A Jones-Webb, Rhonda %A Hannan, Peter %A Pham, Lan %K Advertising as Topic %K African Americans %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Beer %K Cities %K Edible Grain %K Humans %K Marketing %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk-Taking %K Social Environment %K Urban Population %X

In response to anecdotal reports that African American neighborhoods are targeted for high-alcohol malt liquor advertising, the authors observed alcohol ads on off-premise alcohol outlets, billboards, and transit structures in 10 U.S. cities over 3 years. Malt liquor ads were prevalent on storefronts, but rare on billboards. Using Poisson regression, the authors found that storefront malt liquor ads were more common in neighborhoods with higher percentages of African Americans, even after controlling for social and physical disorder. Results suggest that policymakers attempting to reduce malt liquor-related harms may do well to consider regulations that limit storefront advertising exposure.

%B J Ethn Subst Abuse %V 10 %P 24-38 %8 2011 %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1080/15332640.2011.547793 %0 Journal Article %J Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %D 2011 %T Measuring multiple minority stress: the LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale. %A Balsam, Kimberly F %A Molina, Yamile %A Beadnell, Blair %A Simoni, Jane %A Walters, Karina %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Aggression %K Bisexuality %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Focus Groups %K Homosexuality %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prejudice %K Self Report %K Sex Factors %K Social Desirability %K Stereotyping %K Stress, Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

Lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals who are also racial/ethnic minorities (LGBT-POC) are a multiply marginalized population subject to microaggressions associated with both racism and heterosexism. To date, research on this population has been hampered by the lack of a measurement tool to assess the unique experiences associated with the intersection of these oppressions. To address this gap in the literature, we conducted a three-phase, mixed method empirical study to assess microaggressions among LGBT-POC. The LGBT People of Color Microaggressions Scale is an 18-item self-report scale assessing the unique types of microaggressions experienced by ethnic minority LGBT adults. The measure includes three subscales: (a) Racism in LGBT communities, (b) Heterosexism in Racial/Ethnic Minority Communities, and (c) Racism in Dating and Close Relationships, that are theoretically consistent with prior literature on racial/ethnic minority LGBTs and have strong psychometric properties including internal consistency and construct validity in terms of correlations with measures of psychological distress and LGBT-identity variables. Men scored higher on the LGBT-PCMS than women, lesbians and gay men scored higher than bisexual women and men, and Asian Americans scored higher than African Americans and Latina/os.

%B Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %V 17 %P 163-74 %8 2011 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1037/a0023244 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2011 %T Men's and women's pathways to adulthood and associated substance misuse. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Hill, Karl G %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Educational Status %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Parenting %K Prospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Single Person %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Urban Health %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Social role transitions have been linked to changes in substance use and misuse during young adulthood. This study examined how commonly observed pathways to adulthood, defined by education, employment, marriage, and parenthood, were associated with alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana misuse from ages 18 to 33.

METHOD: Data came from a longitudinal panel of 412 men and 396 women recruited when they were in fifth grade in Seattle public schools in 1985. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008, with 92% retention.

RESULTS: Young adults who had little postsecondary education and remained unmarried through age 30 generally had the highest rates of substance misuse. Those who were involved in postsecondary education and postponed family formation had the lowest rates, particularly with respect to daily smoking and nicotine dependence. Parenting during the young adult years was associated with lower rates of substance misuse for both men and women. However, taking on parenting responsibilities early, during the late teen years and early 20s (observed mostly for women), was associated with higher rates of tobacco misuse. Differences in substance misuse by pathways to adulthood were fairly constant across the young adulthood years and were already observed at age 18, suggesting that substance misuse patterns are established early.

CONCLUSIONS: Young adults may change their substance use only partially in response to new freedoms and responsibilities in young adulthood. Preventive efforts should include a focus on early initiation of substance use and educational experiences that move people into life trajectories and associated substance misuse patterns.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 72 %P 763-73 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Motives for cannabis use in high-risk adolescent users. %A Fox, Courtney L %A Towe, Sheri L %A Stephens, Robert S %A Walker, Denise D %A Roffman, Roger A %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Marijuana Smoking %K Motivation %K Risk Factors %X

The present investigation examined the relationships between motives for cannabis use and negative consequences associated with cannabis use following a brief intervention. The sample consisted of 205 adolescent cannabis users (66.3% male), who were recruited in high schools and randomly assigned to a brief two-session motivational enhancement therapy (MET) or an educational feedback control (EFC). Results supported the hypothesis that using cannabis to cope with negative affect would predict the number of problems and dependence symptoms related to cannabis use, after controlling for age, gender, years and frequency of cannabis use, and internalizing and externalizing behavior problems. Significant interactions between internalizing behavior problems and the coping motive showed that using to cope was associated with a higher number of cannabis dependence symptoms among adolescents reporting lower levels internalizing behavior problems. Findings support the potential utility of conducting further research to explore the coping motive as an important indicator of problematic cannabis use.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 492-500 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0024331 %0 Journal Article %J Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Is nonmedical prescription opiate use a unique form of illicit drug use? %A Catalano, Richard F %A White, Helene R %A Fleming, Charles B %A Haggerty, Kevin P %K Adolescent %K Analgesics, Opioid %K Drug Prescriptions %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Northwestern United States %K Risk Factors %K Self Medication %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

Nonmedical prescription opiate (NMPO) use is of great concern because of its high addiction potential, cognitive impairment effects, and other adverse consequences (e.g., hormonal and immune system effects, hyperalgesia and overdose). Due to the combination of drugs used by those who are NMPO users, it is difficult to isolate the negative effects of NMPO use from the effects of other legal and illicit drugs. Based on a stage model of substance use, this study tested whether NMPO use represents a unique form of illicit drug use among emerging adults and whether there are unique consequences of early NMPO use. We used longitudinal data from 912 emerging adults from the Raising Healthy Children study who were interviewed at least annually from the first or second grade through age 21. The findings indicated that almost all NMPO users have also used marijuana and a large majority has also used other drugs, such as cocaine and ecstasy. In addition, more frequent users of NMPOs are also more frequent users of other drugs. Except for violent behavior, NMPO use explained little unique variance in negative outcomes of use (e.g., drug use disorder, mood disorder, nonproductive behavior, poor health, and property crime) beyond that explained by other illicit drug use. Future studies examining the predictors or consequences of NMPO use and nonmedical use of other prescription drugs need to consider use within the context of other drug use.

%B Addict Behav %V 36 %P 79-86 %8 2011 Jan-Feb %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.08.028 %0 Journal Article %J Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %D 2011 %T Observed parenting behavior with teens: measurement invariance and predictive validity across race. %A Skinner, Martie L %A MacKenzie, Elizabeth P %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Hill, Karl G %A Roberson, Kendra C %K Adolescent %K Adult %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Parents %K Reproducibility of Results %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

Previous reports supporting measurement equality between European American and African American families have often focused on self-reported risk factors or observed parent behavior with young children. This study examines equality of measurement of observer ratings of parenting behavior with adolescents during structured tasks; mean levels of observed parenting; and predictive validity of teen self-reports of antisocial behaviors and beliefs using a sample of 163 African American and 168 European American families. Multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses supported measurement invariance across ethnic groups for four measures of observed parenting behavior: prosocial rewards, psychological costs, antisocial rewards, and problem solving. Some mean-level differences were found: African American parents exhibited lower levels of prosocial rewards, higher levels of psychological costs, and lower problem solving when compared to European Americans. No significant mean difference was found in rewards for antisocial behavior. Multigroup structural equation models suggested comparable relationships across race (predictive validity) between parenting constructs and youth antisocial constructs (i.e., drug initiation, positive drug attitudes, antisocial attitudes, problem behaviors) in all but one of the tested relationships. This study adds to existing evidence that family-based interventions targeting parenting behaviors can be generalized to African American families.

%B Cultur Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol %V 17 %P 252-60 %8 2011 Jul %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0024730 %0 Journal Article %J J Addict Dis %D 2011 %T Opiate-addicted parents in methadone treatment: long-term recovery, health, and family relationships. %A Skinner, Martie L %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Gainey, Randy R %K Family Relations %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Health Status %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Methadone %K Middle Aged %K Opiate Substitution Treatment %K Opioid-Related Disorders %K Parenting %K Psychotherapy, Group %K Risk Factors %X

Few studies follow the lives of opiate-addicted parents. The authors examined a 12-year follow-up of 144 parents in methadone treatment and their 3- to 14-year-old children. Parent mortality was high. Among survivors, drug use and treatment, incarceration, residential and family disruptions, and health problems were common. Moderate and long-term recovery were associated with consistent methadone treatment, further education, employment, and fewer relationship disruptions. Earlier depression, deviant friends, and poor coping skills predicted continued drug problems. Thus, interventions should include treatment for depression and build skills for avoiding and refusing drugs, coping with stress, and maintaining recovery-supportive friendships.

%B J Addict Dis %V 30 %P 17-26 %8 2011 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1080/10550887.2010.531670 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T Positive childhood experiences and positive adult functioning: Prosocial continuity and the role of adolescent substance use. %A Kosterman, Rick %A Mason, W A %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Hawkins, J D %A Spoth, Richard %A Redmond, Cleve %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Child %K Efficiency %K Exercise %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parenting %K Rural Population %K Social Responsibility %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

PURPOSE: To examine positive childhood experiences as predictors of positive adult functioning, including civic involvement, productivity and responsibility, interpersonal connection, and physical exercise; and to examine adolescent substance use as a mediator of prosocial continuity.

METHODS: A total of 429 rural participants were interviewed across seven waves from age 11 to 22 years. Structural equation models examined the relationship between positive childhood experiences and adult functioning, with adolescent substance use added to each model as a possible mediating mechanism.

RESULTS: Positive childhood experiences predicted significantly better adult functioning for each model, even after accounting for adolescent substance use. Positive childhood experiences also consistently predicted significantly less adolescent substance use. In turn, adolescent substance use predicted significantly less civic involvement and less productivity and responsibility, but was not associated with interpersonal connection or physical exercise when accounting for childhood experiences. Results were largely consistent across gender and levels of family income.

CONCLUSION: Findings show the enduring importance of positive childhood experiences in predicting positive functioning in early adulthood. Although adolescent substance use increased risk for poorer functioning in important domains of adult life, results suggest that positive experiences in late childhood continued to have a significant prosocial effect into young adulthood. The study also highlights the late elementary grades as a time when parents, teachers, and others can potentially have a large influence in proactively providing prosocial opportunities for children.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 180-6 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.244 %0 Journal Article %J Child Welfare %D 2011 %T Posttraumatic stress disorder among foster care alumni: the role of race, gender, and foster care context. %A Jackson, Lovie J %A O'Brien, Kirk %A Pecora, Peter J %K Adult %K Adult Survivors of Child Abuse %K African Americans %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Foster Home Care %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Social Class %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Time %K Young Adult %X

Little is known about the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adult alumni of foster care and its demographic and contextual correlates. This is one of the first studies to report on racial/ethnic and gender differences and the influence of foster care experiences (i.e., revictimization during foster care, placement change rate, and placement in kinship care) on past year PTSD. Findings revealed significant gender disparities and a moderating influence of kinship care on the relationship between gender and PTSD, as well as increased risk associated with a history of emotional and sexual abuse. Recommendations are made for clinical and systemic intervention.

%B Child Welfare %V 90 %P 71-93 %8 2011 %G eng %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J J Affect Disord %D 2011 %T Predicting future depression in adolescents using the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire: a two-nation study. %A McKenzie, Dean P %A Toumbourou, John W %A Forbes, Andrew B %A Mackinnon, Andrew J %A McMorris, Barbara J %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Affect %K Australia %K Child %K Depression %K Depressive Disorder %K Emotions %K Humans %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Psychology, Adolescent %K Self Concept %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

BACKGROUND: Adolescence is a key life period for the development of depression. Predicting the development of depression in adolescence through detecting specific early symptoms may aid in the development of timely screening and intervention programmes.

METHODS: We administered the Short Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (SMFQ) to 5769 American and Australian students aged 10 to 15 years, at two time points, separated by 12 months. We attempted to predict high levels of depression symptoms at 12 months from symptoms at baseline, using statistical approaches based upon the quality, as well as the quantity, of depression symptoms present. These approaches included classification and regression trees (CART) and logistic regression.

RESULTS: A classification tree employing four SMFQ items, such as feelings of self-hatred and of being unloved, performed almost as well as all 13 SMFQ items at predicting subsequent depression symptomatology.

LIMITATIONS: Depression was measured using a self-report instrument, rather than a criterion standard diagnostic interview.

CONCLUSION: Further validation on other populations of adolescents is required: however the results suggest that several symptoms of depression, especially feelings of self-hatred, and being unloved, are associated with increased levels of self-reported depression at 12 months post baseline. Although screening for depression can be problematic, symptoms such as the ones above should be considered for inclusion in screening tests for adolescents.

%B J Affect Disord %V 134 %P 151-9 %8 2011 Nov %G eng %N 1-3 %R 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.022 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2011 %T A preliminary randomized controlled trial of a nurse-delivered medication adherence intervention among HIV-positive outpatients initiating antiretroviral therapy in Beijing, China. %A Simoni, Jane M %A Chen, Wei-Ti %A Huh, David %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Pearson, Cynthia %A Zhao, Hongxin %A Shiu, Cheng-Shi %A Wang, Xin %A Zhang, Fujie %K Adult %K Anti-HIV Agents %K CD4 Lymphocyte Count %K China %K Counseling %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Drug Monitoring %K Electronics, Medical %K Female %K HIV Infections %K HIV-1 %K Humans %K Male %K Medication Adherence %K Middle Aged %K Nurses %K Outpatients %K RNA, Viral %K Treatment Outcome %K Viral Load %K Young Adult %X

We evaluated a nurse-delivered adherence intervention in a preliminary randomized controlled trial among 70 HIV-positive outpatients initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Beijing, China. In both arms, participants received a 30-min educational session, a pillbox, and a referral to a peer support group. In the enhanced arm, participants could choose an electronic reminder device, three sessions of counseling either alone or with a treatment adherence partner, or both reminder and counseling. Survey assessments and blood draws occurred at baseline, post-intervention (13 weeks), and follow-up (25 weeks). Primary outcomes were 7-day and 30-day adherence assessed by self-report and electronic drug monitoring (EDM), and secondary outcomes were HIV-1 RNA viral load and CD4 count. The intervention was feasible and well received. It led to some improvement in self-reported and EDM-assessed adherence but not the biological outcomes. Providing counseling and facilitating the use of electronic reminders to patients initiating ART merits further investigation as a culturally viable means of promoting adherence in China.

%B AIDS Behav %V 15 %P 919-29 %8 2011 Jul %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10461-010-9828-3 %0 Journal Article %J Women Health %D 2011 %T The prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among adolescent mothers: results from a 17-year longitudinal study. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Lohr, Mary Jane %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Cohort Studies %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marital Status %K Mothers %K Parity %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy in Adolescence %K Prevalence %K Public Health %K Sexual Partners %K Smoking %K Social Welfare %K Spouse Abuse %K Young Adult %X

The objective of the authors in this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of elevated depressive symptoms in a 17-year cohort study of 173 women who were unmarried, pregnant adolescents between June 1988 and January 1990. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the associations between correlates and elevated depressive symptoms during five distinct developmental periods of the life course. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory depression subscale. The prevalence of elevated depressive symptoms in adolescent mothers significantly increased over the 17 years of the study from 19.8% to 35.2%. In adjusted analyses, antenatal depressive symptoms were positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms at every developmental period. Intimate partner violence was positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms during all but one developmental period. Other significant correlates of elevated depressive symptoms included welfare receipt, smoking, and parity, all of which were significant at some, but not other, developmental periods. Antenatal depressive symptoms and intimate partner violence were positively and significantly associated with elevated depressive symptoms. Given the public health consequences associated with maternal depression, clinical and community-based interventions should be developed to identify and to treat adolescent mothers at-risk for antenatal depression and intimate partner violence.

%B Women Health %V 51 %P 525-45 %8 2011 Aug 31 %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1080/03630242.2011.606355 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Womens Ment Health %D 2011 %T Prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation during pregnancy. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Tabb, Karen M %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Guo, Yuqing %A Katon, Wayne %K Adult %K Attitude to Health %K Comorbidity %K Confidence Intervals %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Depression %K Ethnic Groups %K Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Odds Ratio %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Prenatal Care %K Prevalence %K Quality of Life %K Risk Factors %K Suicidal Ideation %K United States %K Young Adult %X

Data are scarce regarding the prevalence and risk factors for antenatal suicidal ideation because systematic screening for suicidal ideation during pregnancy is rare. This study reports the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation during pregnancy. We performed cross-sectional analysis of data from an ongoing registry. Study participants were 2,159 women receiving prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through March 2010. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with antenatal suicidal ideation as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire. Overall, 2.7% of the sample reported antenatal suicidal ideation. Over 50% of women who reported antenatal suicidal ideation also reported major depression. In the fully adjusted model antenatal major depression (OR = 11.50; 95% CI 5.40, 24.48) and antenatal psychosocial stress (OR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.44, 7.05) were positively associated with an increased risk of antenatal suicidal ideation. We found that being non-Hispanic White was associated with a decreased risk of antenatal suicidal ideation (OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.26-0.99). The prevalence of antenatal suicidal ideation in the present study was similar to rates reported in nationally representative non-pregnant samples. In other words, pregnancy is not a protective factor against suicidal ideation. Given the high comorbidity of antenatal suicidal ideation with major depression, efforts should be made to identify those women at risk for antenatal suicidal ideation through universal screening.

%B Arch Womens Ment Health %V 14 %P 239-46 %8 2011 Jun %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1007/s00737-011-0207-5 %0 Journal Article %J J Clin Oncol %D 2011 %T Prospective neurocognitive function over 5 years after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for cancer survivors compared with matched controls at 5 years. %A Syrjala, Karen L %A Artherholt, Samantha B %A Kurland, Brenda F %A Langer, Shelby L %A Roth-Roemer, Sari %A Elrod, JoAnn Broeckel %A Dikmen, Sureyya %K Adult %K Aged %K Cognition Disorders %K Female %K Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Neoplasms %K Prospective Studies %K Survivors %K Time Factors %K Transplantation, Homologous %X

PURPOSE: Research has documented cognitive deficits both before and after high-dose treatment followed by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT), with partial recovery by 1 year. This study prospectively examined the trajectory and extent of long-term cognitive dysfunction, with a focus on 1 to 5 years after treatment.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Allogeneic HCT recipients completed standardized neuropsychological tests including information processing speed (Trail Making A and Digit Symbol Substitution Test), verbal memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised), executive function (Controlled Oral Word Association Test and Trail Making B), and motor dexterity and speed (Grooved Pegboard). Survivors (n = 92) were retested after 80 days and 1 and 5 years after transplantation. Case-matched controls (n = 66) received testing at the 5-year time point. A Global Deficit Score (GDS) summarized overall impairment. Response profiles were analyzed using linear mixed effects models.

RESULTS: Survivors recovered significant cognitive function from post-transplantation (80 days) to 5 years in all tests (P < .0001) except verbal recall (P > .06). Between 1 and 5 years, verbal fluency improved (P = .0002), as did executive function (P < .01), but motor dexterity did not (P > .15), remaining below controls (P < .0001) and more than 0.5 standard deviation below population norms. In GDS, 41.5% of survivors and 19.7% of controls had mild or greater deficits (NcNemar test = 7.04, P = .007).

CONCLUSION: Although neurocognitive function improved from 1 to 5 years after HCT, deficits remained for more than 40% of survivors. Risk factors, mechanisms and rehabilitation strategies need to be identified for these residual deficits.

%B J Clin Oncol %V 29 %P 2397-404 %8 2011 Jun 10 %G eng %N 17 %R 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.9119 %0 Journal Article %J J Health Econ %D 2011 %T Psychiatric disorders and labor market outcomes: evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. %A Chatterji, Pinka %A Alegría, Margarita %A Takeuchi, David %K Adult %K Comorbidity %K Employment %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Models, Econometric %K Sex Distribution %K Sex Factors %K United States %X

This paper uses the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication to estimate effects of recent psychiatric disorder on employment, hours worked, and earnings. We employ methods proposed in Altonji et al. (2005a) which use selection on observable traits to provide information regarding selection along unobservable factors. Among males, disorder is associated with reductions in labor force participation and employment. When selection on observed characteristics is set equal to selection on unobserved characteristics, the magnitudes of these effects for males are 9 and 14 percentage point reductions for participation and employment, respectively. Among females, we find negative associations between disorder and labor force participation and employment, but these estimates are more sensitive to assumptions about selection. There are no effects of disorder on earnings or hours worked among employed individuals.

%B J Health Econ %V 30 %P 858-68 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.06.006 %0 Journal Article %J Gen Hosp Psychiatry %D 2011 %T Racial differences in the prevalence of antenatal depression. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Rue, Tessa %A Guo, Yuqing %A Dina, Karen Tabb %A Katon, Wayne J %K Adult %K Depression %K Female %K Health Status Disparities %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Pregnancy %K Prenatal Care %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined whether there were racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of antenatal depression based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, diagnostic criteria in a community-based sample of pregnant women.

METHOD: Data were drawn from an ongoing registry of pregnant women receiving prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through March 2010 (N =1997). Logistic regression models adjusting for sociodemographic, psychiatric, behavioral and clinical characteristics were used to examine racial/ethnic differences in antenatal depression as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire.

RESULTS: Overall, 5.1% of the sample reported antenatal depression. Blacks and Asian/Pacific Islanders were at increased risk for antenatal depression compared to non-Hispanic White women. This increased risk of antenatal depression among Blacks and Asian/Pacific Islanders remained after adjustment for a variety of risk factors.

CONCLUSION: Results suggest the importance of race/ethnicity as a risk factor for antenatal depression. Prevention and treatment strategies geared toward the mental health needs of Black and Asian/Pacific Islander women are needed to reduce the racial/ethnic disparities in antenatal depression.

%B Gen Hosp Psychiatry %V 33 %P 87-93 %8 2011 Mar-Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.11.012 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Randomized controlled trial of motivational enhancement therapy with nontreatment-seeking adolescent cannabis users: a further test of the teen marijuana check-up. %A Walker, Denise D %A Stephens, Robert %A Roffman, Roger %A Demarce, Josephine %A Lozano, Brian %A Towe, Sheri %A Berg, Belinda %K Adolescent %K Behavior Therapy %K Female %K Humans %K Interview, Psychological %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Marijuana Smoking %K Motivation %K Psychotherapy, Brief %K Treatment Outcome %X

Cannabis use adversely affects adolescents and interventions that are attractive to adolescents are needed. This trial compared the effects of a brief motivational intervention for cannabis use with a brief educational feedback control and a no-assessment control. Participants were randomized into one of three treatment conditions: Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET), Educational Feedback Control (EFC), or Delayed Feedback Control (DFC). Those who were assigned to MET and EFC were administered a computerized baseline assessment immediately following randomization and completed assessments at the 3- and 12-month follow-up periods. Participants in the DFC condition were not assessed until the 3-month follow-up. Following the completion of treatment sessions, all participants were offered up to four optional individual treatment sessions aimed at cessation of cannabis use. The research was conducted in high schools in Seattle, Washington. The participant s included 310 self-referred adolescents who smoked cannabis regularly. The main outcome measures included days of cannabis use, associated negative consequences, and engagement in additional treatment. At the 3-month follow-up, participants in both the MET and EFC conditions reported significantly fewer days of cannabis use and negative consequences compared to those in the DFC. The frequency of cannabis use was less in MET relative to EFC at 3 months, but it did not translate to differences in negative consequences. Reductions in use and problems were sustained at 12 months, but there were no differences between MET and EFC interventions. Engagement in additional treatment was minimal and did not differ by condition. Brief interventions can attract adolescent cannabis users and have positive impacts on them, but the mechanisms of the effects are yet to be identified.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 474-84 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1037/a0024076 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T Risk and protective factors for adolescent substance use in washington state, the United States and Victoria, Australia: a longitudinal study. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Heerde, Jessica A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Patton, George C %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Female %K Harm Reduction %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Peer Group %K Social Environment %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Victoria %K Washington %X

PURPOSE: To compare the levels of risk and protective factors and the predictive influence of these factors on alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use over a 12-month follow-up period in Washington State in the United States and in Victoria, Australia.

METHOD: The study involved a longitudinal school-based survey of students drawn as a two-stage cluster sample recruited through schools, and administered in the years 2002 and 2003 in both states. The study used statewide representative samples of students in the seventh and ninth grades (n = 3,876) in Washington State and Victoria.

RESULTS: Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, had higher rates of cannabis use but lower rates of alcohol and tobacco use at time 1. Levels of risk and protective factors showed few but important differences that contribute to the explanation of differences in substance use; Washington State students, relative to Victorian students, reported higher religiosity (odds ratio, .96 vs. .79) and availability of handguns (odds ratio, 1.23 vs. 1.18), but less favorable peer, community, and parental attitudes to substance use. The associations with substance use at follow-up are generally comparable, but in many instances were weaker in Washington State.

CONCLUSIONS: Levels of risk and protective factors and their associations with substance use at follow-up were mostly similar in the two states. Further high-quality longitudinal studies to establish invariance in the relations between risk and protective factors and substance use in adolescence across diverse countries are warranted.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 312-20 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.12.017 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2011 %T The role of maternal early-life and later-life risk factors on offspring low birth weight: Findings from a three-generational study. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Maas, Carl %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Birth Weight %K Child Abuse %K Child of Impaired Parents %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Infant, Low Birth Weight %K Infant, Newborn %K Intergenerational Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Obesity %K Risk Factors %K Smoking %K Social Class %X

PURPOSE: This study examined three research questions: (1) Is there an association between maternal early-life economic disadvantage and the birth weight of later-born offspring? (2) Is there an association between maternal abuse in childhood and the birth weight of later-born offspring? (3) To what extent are these early-life risks mediated through adolescent and adult substance use, mental and physical health status, and adult socioeconomic status (SES)?

METHODS: Analyses used structural equation modeling to examine data from two longitudinal studies, which included three generations. The first generation (G1) and the second generation (G2) were enrolled in the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP), and the third generation (G3) was enrolled in the SSDP Intergenerational Project. Data for the study (N = 136) focused on (G2) mothers enrolled in the SSDP and their children (G3).

RESULTS: Analyses revealed that G2 low childhood SES predicted G3 offspring birth weight. Early childhood abuse among G2 respondents predicted G3 offspring birth weight through a mediated pathway including G2 adolescent substance use and G2 prenatal substance use. Birth weight was unrelated to maternal adult SES, depression, or obesity.

CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify the effect of maternal early-life risks of low childhood SES and child maltreatment on later-born offspring birth weight. These findings have far-reaching effects on the cumulative risk associated with early-life economic disadvantage and childhood maltreatment. Such findings encourage policies and interventions that enhance child health at birth by taking the mother's own early-life and development into account.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 49 %P 166-71 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.11.246 %0 Journal Article %J J Rural Health %D 2011 %T Rural adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use: a comparison of students in Victoria, Australia, and Washington State, United States. %A Coomber, Kerri %A Toumbourou, John W %A Miller, Peter %A Staiger, Petra K %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Rural Population %K Self Report %K Smoking %K Social Class %K Street Drugs %K Victoria %K Washington %X

PURPOSE: There are inconsistent research findings regarding the impact of rurality on adolescent alcohol, tobacco, and illicit substance use. Therefore, the current study reports on the effect of rurality on alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among adolescents in 2 state representative samples in 2 countries, Washington State (WA) in the United States and Victoria (VIC) in Australia.

PARTICIPANTS: The International Youth Development Study (IYDS) recruited representative samples of students from Grade 7 (aged 12 to 13 years) and Grade 9 (aged 14 to 15) in both states. A total of 3,729 students responded to questions about alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and other illicit substance use (n(VIC) = 1,852; n(WA) = 1,877). In each state, males and females were equally represented and ages ranged from 12 to 15 years.

METHODS: Data were analyzed to compare lifetime and current (past 30 days) substance use for students located in census areas classified as urban, large or small town, and rural. Findings were adjusted for school clustering and weighted to compare prevalence at median age 14 years.

FINDINGS: Rates of lifetime and current alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use were significantly higher in rural compared to urban students in both states (odds ratio for current substance use = 1.31).

CONCLUSIONS: In both Washington State and Victoria, early adolescent rural students use substances more frequently than their urban counterparts. Future studies should examine factors that place rural adolescents at risk for alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use.

%B J Rural Health %V 27 %P 409-15 %8 2011 Winter %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1111/j.1748-0361.2010.00360.x %0 Journal Article %J J Trauma %D 2011 %T Screening for mental illness in a trauma center: rooting out a risk factor for unintentional injury. %A Dicker, Rochelle A %A Mah, Jennifer %A Lopez, Dahianna %A Tran, Catherine %A Reidy, Rosemary %A Moore, Megan %A Kreniske, Phil %A Crane, Ian %A Knudson, M Margaret %A Li, Moon %A Menza, Rebecca %A Shuway, Martha %A Alvidrez, Jennifer %K Adult %K Chi-Square Distribution %K Female %K Health Services Needs and Demand %K Humans %K Injury Severity Score %K Inpatients %K Interview, Psychological %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Mass Screening %K Mental Disorders %K Middle Aged %K Pilot Projects %K Poisson Distribution %K Prevalence %K Prospective Studies %K Retrospective Studies %K Risk Factors %K San Francisco %K Trauma Centers %K Wounds and Injuries %X

BACKGROUND: Injury prevention and screening efforts have long targeted risk factors for injury recurrence. In a retrospective study, our group found that mental illness is an independent risk factor for unintentional injury and reinjury. The purpose of this study was to administer a standard validated screening instrument and psychosocial needs assessment to admitted patients who suffer unintentional injury. We aimed to prospectively measure the prevalence of mental illness. We hypothesize that systematic screening for psychiatric disorders in trauma patients is feasible and identifies people with preexisting mental illness as a high-risk group for unintentional injury.

METHODS: In this prospective study, we recruited patients admitted to our Level I trauma center for unintentional injury for a period of 18 months. A bedside structured interview, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and a needs assessment were performed by lay research personnel trained by faculty from the Department of Psychiatry. The validated needs assessment questions were from the Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule instrument. Psychiatric screening and needs assessment results, as well as demographic characteristics are reported as descriptive statistics.

RESULTS: A total of 1,829 people were screened during the study period. Of the 854 eligible people, 348 were able to be approached by researchers before discharge with a positive response rate of 63% (N = 219 enrolled). Interviews took 35 minutes ± 12 minutes. Chi-squared analysis revealed no difference in mechanism in those with mental illness versus no mental illness. Men were significantly more likely to be found to have a mental health disorder but when substance abuse was excluded, no difference was found. Four-way diagnostic grouping revealed the prevalence of mental illness detected.

CONCLUSIONS: This inpatient pilot screening program prospectively identified preexisting mental illness as a risk factor for unintentional injury. Implementation of validated psychosocial and mental health screening instruments is feasible and efficient in the acute trauma setting. Administration of a validated mental health screening instrument can be achieved by training college-level research assistants. This system of screening can lead to identification and treatment of mental illness as a strategy for unintentional injury prevention.

%B J Trauma %V 70 %P 1337-44 %8 2011 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1097/TA.0b013e318216f611 %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2011 %T Sensitive periods for adolescent alcohol use initiation: Predicting the lifetime occurrence and chronicity of alcohol problems in adulthood. %A Guttmannova, Katarina %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Lee, Jungeun O %A Hawkins, J D %A Woods, M L %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Age of Onset %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Ethanol %K Female %K Forecasting %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk %K Social Environment %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Time Factors %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between age at alcohol use onset and adult alcohol misuse and dependence by testing the sensitive-period hypothesis that early adolescence (11-14) is a vulnerable period of development during which initiating alcohol use is particularly harmful.

METHOD: Data came from a longitudinal panel of 808 participants recruited in 1981. Participants were followed through age 33 in 2008 with 92% retention.

RESULTS: Onset of alcohol use before age 11 (late childhood), when compared with initiation during early adolescence, was related to an increased chronicity of adult alcohol dependence, even after accounting for sociodemographic controls and other substance use in adolescence. The present study finds no evidence that early adolescence is a particularly sensitive period for the onset of alcohol use. Findings related to the onset of regular alcohol use and the chronicity of alcohol dependence suggest that the onset of regular drinking before age 21 is problematic, but no one adolescent period is more sensitive than others. Specifically, although all age groups that started drinking regularly before age 21 had a greater rate of alcohol dependence in adulthood, initiation of regular use of alcohol at or before age 14 was not related to greater chronicity of alcohol dependence than the initiation of regular use of alcohol in middle or late adolescence.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest the importance of delaying the onset of alcohol use through prevention efforts as early as the elementary grades. In addition, prevention efforts should focus on preventing the onset of regular drinking before age 21.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 72 %P 221-31 %8 2011 Mar %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Obesity (Silver Spring) %D 2011 %T Sex-specific HDL cholesterol changes with weight loss and their association with anthropometric variables: the LIFE study. %A Yatsuya, Hiroshi %A Jeffery, Robert W %A Erickson, Darin J %A Welsh, Ericka M %A Flood, Andrew P %A Jaeb, Melanie A %A Laqua, Patricia S %A Mitchell, Nathan R %A Langer, Shelby L %A Levy, Rona L %K Anthropometry %K Blood Glucose %K Cholesterol, HDL %K Female %K Humans %K Insulin %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Sex Factors %K Subcutaneous Fat %K Triglycerides %K Waist-Hip Ratio %K Weight Loss %X

Decrease in the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) has been observed in women who start dieting, but not in men. Patterns of HDLC change during intentional weight loss through 30-months of follow-up, and their association with changes in anthropometric measurements were examined in obese women (N = 112) and men (N = 100). Missing HDLC values at 6-, 12-, 18-, and 30-month follow-up (N = 16, 34, 55, and 50, respectively) due to dropout were imputed by multiple imputation. Mean ages and BMIs of subjects at baseline were 47.2 years and 34.8 kg/m(2) for women, and 50.4 years and 35.0 kg/m(2) for men. On average, participants lost weight steadily for 12 months, followed by slow regain. During the first 6 months, HDLC decreased significantly in women (-4.1 mg/dl, P = 0.0007), but not in men. Significant HDLC increases were observed in both men and women from 6- to 12-month follow-up. HDLC changes in women were positively associated with changes in hip circumference from baseline to 12-month independent of changes in triglycerides (TG), glucose, and insulin. Rapid decrease of predominantly subcutaneous fat in the femoral and gluteal area might be associated with HDLC decrease in women during initial weight loss.

%B Obesity (Silver Spring) %V 19 %P 429-35 %8 2011 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1038/oby.2010.216 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Addict Behav %D 2011 %T Social norms and self-efficacy among heavy using adolescent marijuana smokers. %A Walker, Denise D %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Rodriguez, Lindsey M %A Stephens, Robert S %A Roffman, Roger A %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Male %K Marijuana Abuse %K Marijuana Smoking %K Models, Psychological %K Peer Group %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %K Self Efficacy %K Self Report %K Social Conformity %K Social Facilitation %K Young Adult %X

Adolescence is a time in which individuals are particularly likely to engage in health-risk behaviors, with marijuana being the most prevalent illicit drug used. Perceptions of others' use (i.e., norms) have previously been found to be related to increased marijuana use. Additionally, low refusal self-efficacy has been associated with increased marijuana consumption. This cross-sectional study examined the effects of normative perceptions and self-efficacy on negative marijuana outcomes for a heavy using adolescent population. A structural equation model was tested and supported such that significant indirect paths were present from descriptive norms to marijuana outcomes through self-efficacy. Implications for prevention and intervention with heavy using adolescent marijuana users are discussed.

%B Psychol Addict Behav %V 25 %P 727-32 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1037/a0024958 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2011 %T Strategies for characterizing complex phenotypes and environments: General and specific family environmental predictors of young adult tobacco dependence, alcohol use disorder, and co-occurring problems. %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Hill, Karl G %A Meacham, Meredith C %A Young, Susan E %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Family %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Smoking %K Social Environment %K Tobacco Use Disorder %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Defining phenotypes in studies of tobacco and alcohol misuse is difficult because of the complexity of these behaviors and their strong association with each other and with other problem behaviors. The present paper suggests a strategy for addressing this issue by conceptualizing and partitioning variance in phenotypes into either general or substance/behavior-specific. The paper also applies the general or substance/behavior-specific conceptualization to environmental predictors of tobacco and alcohol misuse and other problem behaviors.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a contemporary, ethnically diverse and gender-balanced longitudinal panel including 808 participants. Latent variable modeling was used to partition variance in young adult (age 24) nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse and dependence, illicit drug abuse and dependence, involvement in crime, and engagement in HIV sexual risk behavior into general problem behavior and behavior-specific variance. Similarly, measures of general, drinking-specific, and smoking-specific adolescent family environment were constructed.

RESULTS: Consistent with expectations, more positive general family environment during adolescence was associated with lower levels of shared variance in problem behaviors at age 24, but not with unique variance in tobacco or alcohol use disorder. Higher levels of family smoking and drinking environments during adolescence, however, were positively associated with unique variance in tobacco and alcohol use disorder, respectively, but did not predict shared variance in problem behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS: Results support the utility of the proposed approach. Ways in which this approach might contribute to future molecular genetic studies are discussed.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 118 %P 444-51 %8 2011 Nov 1 %G eng %N 2-3 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.002 %0 Journal Article %J Gerontologist %D 2011 %T Successful aging through the eyes of Alaska Native elders. What it means to be an elder in Bristol Bay, AK. %A Lewis, Jordan P %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Aging %K Alaska %K Culture %K Emotions %K Health Status %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Qualitative Research %K Rural Population %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Spirituality %X

PURPOSE: Alaska Natives (ANs) view aging from a holistic perspective, which is not typical of the existing successful aging literature. One of the challenges of conducting research with cultural groups (e.g., ANs) is the lack of data, or research, on culture and aging and its impact on how we view successful aging. This research explores successful aging from an AN perspective or what it means to reach "Eldership" in rural Alaskan communities, which is an area of successful aging where there is very little research.

DESIGN AND METHODS: Data were gathered from 26 elders aged 61-93 years in 6 Bristol Bay communities in Southwest Alaska. An Explanatory Model approach was used and adapted to gain a sense of the beliefs about aging and establish an indigenous understanding of successful aging or what it means to attain "Eldership."

RESULTS: Rather than establishing a definition of successful aging for AN Elders, this study highlights the four elements of "Eldership" or what AN Elders believe are important characteristics to becoming a respected elder. The four elements of "Eldership" are emotional well-being, community engagement, spirituality, and physical health, which are the characteristics of ANs who have reached "Eldership" and become a respected Elder in their community.

IMPLICATIONS: This research seeks to inform studies on indigenous aging that prioritizes the perspectives of elders to affect positively on the delivery of health care services in rural Alaska.

%B Gerontologist %V 51 %P 540-9 %8 2011 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1093/geront/gnr006 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse %D 2011 %T Ten take home lessons from the first 10 years of the CTN and 10 recommendations for the future. %A Carroll, Kathleen M %A Ball, Samuel A %A Jackson, Ron %A Martino, Steve %A Petry, Nancy M %A Stitzer, Maxine L %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Weiss, Roger D %K Clinical Trials as Topic %K Community Health Services %K Humans %K National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.) %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Research Design %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

BACKGROUND: The first 10 years of the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trials Network (CTN) yielded a wealth of data on the effectiveness of a number of behavioral, pharmacological, and combined approaches in community-based settings.

METHODS: We summarize some of the methodological contributions and lessons learned from the behavioral trials conducted during its first ten years, including the capacity and enormous potential of this national research infrastructure.

RESULTS: The CTN made contributions to the methodology of effectiveness research; new insights from secondary analyses; the extent to which approaches with strong evidence bases, such as contingency management, extend their effectiveness to real world clinical settings; new data on 'standard treatment' as actually practiced in community programs, the extent to which retention remains a major issue in the field; important data on the safety of specific behavioral therapies for addiction; and heightened the importance of continued sustained attention to bridging the gap between treatment and research.

CONCLUSIONS: Areas of focus for the CTN's future include defining common outcome measures to be used in treatment outcome studies for illicit drugs; incorporating performance indicators and measures of clinical significance; conducting comparative outcome studies; contributing to the understanding of effective treatments of comorbidity; reaching underserved populations; building implementation science; understanding long-term outcomes of current treatments and sustaining treatment effects; and conducting future trials more efficiently.

%B Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse %V 37 %P 275-82 %8 2011 Sep %G eng %N 5 %R 10.3109/00952990.2011.596978 %0 Journal Article %J Horm Behav %D 2011 %T Women's sexual arousal: effects of high alcohol dosages and self-control instructions. %A George, William H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Heiman, Julia R %A Norris, Jeanette %A Stoner, Susan A %A Schacht, Rebecca L %A Hendershot, Christian S %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Arousal %K Dose-Response Relationship, Drug %K Erotica %K Ethanol %K Female %K Humans %K Internal-External Control %K Libido %K Sexuality %K Vagina %K Young Adult %X

The basic relationship between alcohol and women's sexual arousal - especially genital arousal - received little research attention for nearly 30 years (e.g. Wilson and Lawson, 1978) until very recently (e.g. George et al., 2009). To investigate hypotheses based on earlier findings and Alcohol Myopia Theory (AMT), two experiments evaluated the effects of high blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) and arousal instructional demands on indices of vaginal responding and self-reported sexual arousal. In Experiment 1, self-control instructions to maximize (versus suppress) arousal increased peak and average Vaginal Pulse Amplitude (VPA) change. Self-control also interacted with a target BAC of .08% (versus .00%) to influence latency to peak arousal onset: Intoxicated women instructed to maximize showed a shorter latency to peak arousal than did intoxicated women instructed to suppress; however, sober women showed an undifferentiated pattern. Also, in Experiment 1, the target BAC of .08% had no effect on VPA or subjective arousal measures. In Experiment 2, a target BAC of .10% (versus .00%) attenuated peak change and average change in VPA, but this dosage had no effects on latency to peak achieved arousal, or on subjective arousal. Instructions to maximize arousal (versus no instruction) had no effect on any arousal measures. Overall, among young moderate drinking women, alcohol had attenuating effects but only at the higher dosage. Maximize versus suppress instructions about arousal had predicted effects on arousal and interactive effects on latency, but only at the lower dosage. The findings highlight the importance of dosage and contextual factors in alcohol's impact on the variability of women's sexual responding.

%B Horm Behav %V 59 %P 730-8 %8 2011 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.03.006 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Patient Care STDS %D 2011 %T "You must take the medications for you and for me": family caregivers promoting HIV medication adherence in China. %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Shiu, Cheng-Shi %A Starks, Helene %A Chen, Wei-Ti %A Simoni, Jane %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Pearson, Cynthia %A Zhao, Hongxin %A Zhang, Fujie %K Adult %K Anti-HIV Agents %K Caregivers %K China %K Family %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Incidence %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Medication Adherence %K Middle Aged %K Motivation %X

China is experiencing a rapid increase in the incidence of HIV infections, which it is addressing proactively with broad implementation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). Within a cultural context extolling familial responsibility, family caregiving may be an important component to promote medication adherence for persons living with HIV in China. Based on 20 qualitative interviews with persons living with HIV and their family caregivers and a cross-sectional survey with 113 adults receiving HIV care at Beijing's Ditan outpatient clinic, this mixed-methods study examines family caregivers' role in promoting adherence to ART. Building upon a conceptual model of adherence, this article explores the role of family members in supporting four key components enhancing adherence (i.e., access, knowledge, motivation, and proximal cue to action). Patients with family caregiving support report superior ART adherence. Also, gender (being female) and less time since ART initiation are significantly related to superior adherence. Since Chinese cultural values emphasize family care, future work on adherence promotion in China will want to consider the systematic incorporation of family members.

%B AIDS Patient Care STDS %V 25 %P 735-41 %8 2011 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1089/apc.2010.0261 %0 Journal Article %J J Sex Med %D 2010 %T Assessing women's sexual arousal in the context of sexual assault history and acute alcohol intoxication. %A Gilmore, Amanda K %A Schacht, Rebecca L %A George, William H %A Otto, Jacqueline M %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Heiman, Julia R %A Norris, Jeanette %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Arousal %K Child %K Child Abuse, Sexual %K Erotica %K Ethanol %K Female %K Humans %K Libido %K Photoplethysmography %K Rape %K Reference Values %K Regional Blood Flow %K Vagina %X

INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined differences in women's sexual arousal based on sexual assault history (SAH) or in-the-moment alcohol intoxication. Only one has examined combined effects. Findings regarding the relationship between SAH and arousal are contradictory.

AIM: We aimed to determine the relationship between SAH, alcohol intoxication, and sexual arousal.

METHODS: Women were randomly assigned to an alcohol (target blood alcohol level = 0.10%) or control condition and categorized as having an SAH or not. After beverage administration, all women watched erotic films while genital arousal (vaginal pulse amplitude; VPA) was measured. Afterward, self-reported sexual arousal was measured.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Genital response was measured by VPA using vaginal photoplethysmography while watching erotic films. Self-reported sexual arousal was assessed after watching erotic films.

RESULTS: Women with an SAH had smaller increases in genital arousal in response to the films than women without an SAH. Intoxicated women had smaller increases in genital arousal than sober women. However, no differences for SAH or intoxication were found in self-reported arousal.

CONCLUSION: SAH and alcohol intoxication are associated with smaller increases in genital arousal compared to women without an SAH and sober women, suggesting that these co-occurring factors impact sexual arousal.

%B J Sex Med %V 7 %P 2112-9 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2010.01786.x %0 Journal Article %J J Psychosom Res %D 2010 %T The association between obesity, depression, and educational attainment in women: the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Simon, Greg E %A Ludman, Evette J %K Adult %K Aged %K Body Image %K Body Weight %K Depression %K Depressive Disorder %K Educational Status %K Female %K Health Status %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Prospective Studies %K Psychiatric Status Rating Scales %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Women %X

OBJECTIVE: We examine the mediating role of body image dissatisfaction (BID) on the association between obesity and depression and the variation of this association as a function of years of education among a population-based sample of women aged 40-65 years.

METHODS: A series of sample-weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate the associations between obesity, BID, and depression, stratified by educational attainment. Data were obtained from a structured telephone interview of 4543 female health plan enrollees, including self-reported height and weight, the Patient Health Questionnaire assessment of depression, and a single-item measure of BID.

RESULTS: Among those with <16 years of education, in both the unadjusted and adjusted models, obesity and BID were significantly associated with depression. Similarly, among those with ≥ 16 years of education, obesity and BID were significantly associated with depression in the unadjusted models. However, in the adjusted model, only BID was associated with depression. A formal test for mediation suggests that the association between obesity and depression was mediated by BID regardless of level of education.

CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that BID-mediated the obesity-depression association. In addition, obesity and BID may be salient risk factors for depression among middle-aged women as a function of the level of education.

%B J Psychosom Res %V 69 %P 573-81 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.05.001 %0 Journal Article %J Public Health Nurs %D 2010 %T Associations of employment frustration with self-rated physical and mental health among Asian American immigrants in the U.S. Labor force. %A de Castro, A B %A Rue, Tessa %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Asian Americans %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Diagnostic Self Evaluation %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Employment %K Female %K Health Status %K Health Status Indicators %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Mental Health %K Multivariate Analysis %K Occupational Health %K Psychometrics %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K United States %X

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the associations between employment frustration and both self-rated physical health (SRPH) and self-rated mental health (SRMH) among Asian American immigrants.

DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A cross-sectional quantitative analysis was conducted utilizing data from 1,181 Asian immigrants participating in the National Latino and Asian American Study.

MEASURES: Employment frustration was measured by self-report of having difficulty finding the work one wants because of being of Asian descent. SRPH and SRMH were each assessed using a global one-item measure, with responses ranging from poor to excellent. Control variables included gender, age, ethnicity, education, occupation, income, whether immigrated for employment, years in the United States, English proficiency, and a general measure for everyday discrimination.

RESULTS: Ordered logistic regression showed that employment frustration was negatively associated with SRPH. This relationship, however, was no longer significant in multivariate models including English proficiency. The negative association between employment frustration and SRMH persisted even when including all control variables.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that Asian immigrants in the United States who experience employment frustration report lower levels of both physical and mental health. However, English proficiency may attenuate the relationship of employment frustration with physical health.

%B Public Health Nurs %V 27 %P 492-503 %8 2010 Nov-Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1111/j.1525-1446.2010.00891.x %0 Journal Article %J Aging Ment Health %D 2010 %T Barriers to treatment and culturally endorsed coping strategies among depressed African-American older adults. %A Conner, Kyaien O %A Copeland, Valire Carr %A Grote, Nancy K %A Rosen, Daniel %A Albert, Steve %A McMurray, Michelle L %A Reynolds, Charles F %A Brown, Charlotte %A Koeske, Gary %K Adaptation, Psychological %K African Americans %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Aging %K Culture %K Depression %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Health Services Accessibility %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Mental Health Services %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Pennsylvania %K Prejudice %K Qualitative Research %X

OBJECTIVE: Older adults are particularly vulnerable to the effects of depression, however, they are less likely to seek and engage in mental health treatment. African-American older adults are even less likely than their White counterparts to seek and engage in mental health treatment. This qualitative study examined the experience of being depressed among African-American elders and their perceptions of barriers confronted when contemplating seeking mental health services. In addition, we examined how coping strategies are utilized by African-American elders who choose not to seek professional mental health services.

METHOD: A total of 37 interviews were conducted with African-American elders endorsing at least mild symptoms of depression. Interviews were audiotaped and subsequently transcribed. Content analysis was utilized to analyze the qualitative data.

RESULTS: Thematic analysis of the interviews with African-American older adults is presented within three areas: (1) Beliefs about Depression Among Older African-Americans; (2) Barriers to Seeking Treatment for Older African-Americans; and (3) Cultural Coping Strategies for Depressed African-American Older Adults.

CONCLUSION: Older African-Americans in this study identified a number of experiences living in the Black community that impacted their treatment seeking attitudes and behaviors, which led to identification and utilization of more culturally endorsed coping strategies to deal with their depression. Findings from this study provide a greater understanding of the stigma associated with having a mental illness and its influence on attitudes toward mental health services.

%B Aging Ment Health %V 14 %P 971-83 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1080/13607863.2010.501061 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %D 2010 %T Broadening understanding of the long-term effects of risk- and protection-focused prevention on the public health: Lessons from nurse-family partnerships. %A Hawkins, J D %K Community Health Nursing %K Crime %K Female %K Home Care Services %K House Calls %K Humans %K Maternal-Child Nursing %K Nurse-Patient Relations %K Pregnancy %K Prenatal Care %K Public Health %B Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %V 164 %P 92-4 %8 2010 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.246 %0 Journal Article %J Biomed Eng Online %D 2010 %T Categorizing and comparing psychophysical detection strategies based on biomechanical responses to short postural perturbations. %A Bhatkar, Viprali V %A Skufca, Joseph D %A Pilkar, Rakesh B %A Storey, Christopher M %A Robinson, Charles J %K Aged %K Biomechanical Phenomena %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Movement %K Perception %K Posture %K Pressure %K Psychophysics %K Time Factors %X

BACKGROUND: A fundamental unsolved problem in psychophysical detection experiments is in discriminating guesses from the correct responses. This paper proposes a coherent solution to this problem by presenting a novel classification method that compares biomechanical and psychological responses.

METHODS: Subjects (13) stood on a platform that was translated anteriorly 16 mm to find psychophysical detection thresholds through a Adaptive 2-Alternative-Forced-Choice (2AFC) task repeated over 30 separate sequential trials. Anterior-posterior center-of-pressure (APCoP) changes (i.e., the biomechanical response R(B)) were analyzed to determine whether sufficient biomechanical information was available to support a subject's psychophysical selection (R(Ψ)) of interval 1 or 2 as the stimulus interval. A time-series-bitmap approach was used to identify anomalies in interval 1 (a₁) and interval 2 (a₂) that were present in the resultant APCoP signal. If a₁ > a₂ then R(B) = Interval 1. If a₁ < a₂, then R(B)= Interval 2. If a₂-a₁ < 0.1, R(B) was set to 0 (no significant difference present in the anomaly scores of interval 1 and 2).

RESULTS: By considering both biomechanical (R(B)) and psychophysical (R(Ψ)) responses, each trial run could be classified as a: 1) HIT (and True Negative), if R(B) and R(Ψ) both matched the stimulus interval (SI); 2) MISS, if R(B) matched SI but the subject's reported response did not; 3) PSUEDO HIT, if the subject signalled the correct SI, but R(B) was linked to the non-SI; 4) FALSE POSITIVE, if R(B) = R(Ψ), and both associated to non-SI; and 5) GUESS, if R(B) = 0, if insufficient APCoP differences existed to distinguish SI. Ensemble averaging the data for each of the above categories amplified the anomalous behavior of the APCoP response.

CONCLUSIONS: The major contributions of this novel classification scheme were to define and verify by logistic models a 'GUESS' category in these psychophysical threshold detection experiments, and to add an additional descriptor, "PSEUDO HIT". This improved classification methodology potentially could be applied to psychophysical detection experiments of other sensory modalities.

%B Biomed Eng Online %V 9 %P 58 %8 2010 %G eng %R 10.1186/1475-925X-9-58 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse Negl %D 2010 %T Childhood sexual abuse in males and subsequent risky sexual behavior: a potential alcohol-use pathway. %A Schraufnagel, Trevor J %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A George, William H %A Norris, Jeanette %K Adult %K Alcoholism %K Child %K Child Abuse, Sexual %K Humans %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Unsafe Sex %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) among boys has been associated with a variety of subsequent maladaptive behaviors. This study explored a potential connection between CSA and an increased likelihood of risky sexual behavior in adulthood. Further, the study examined whether or not alcohol use may contribute to this relationship.

METHOD: As part of a study on alcohol and sexual decision-making, 280 heterosexual men completed multiple background questionnaires pertaining to past and current sexual experiences and patterns of alcohol use. CSA history was obtained and severity ratings were made based on type of contact reported.

RESULTS: CSA was reported by 56 men (20%). Structural equation modeling revealed that CSA positively predicted number of sexual partners directly as well as indirectly, through its effect on alcohol use. Specifically, greater CSA severity predicted significantly lower age of first intoxication, which in turn predicted greater current alcohol consumption, followed by greater use of alcohol before sexual intercourse, leading to an increased number of reported sexual partners. The reported frequency of condom use was not predicted by CSA severity or the alcohol-use pathway.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that CSA influences risky sexual behavior via multiple pathways and that more severe CSA may lead to elevated sexual risk indices. Moreover, these results suggest that men may elevate their risk of sexually transmitted infections via high numbers of sexual partners versus irregular condom use.

PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: These results highlight the need for adequate assessment and early interventions in order to mitigate the effects CSA may have on subsequent alcohol use and risky sexual behavior. Secondly, ensuring that male CSA victims understand the inherent risks of high numbers of sexual partners may be an effective strategy to interrupt the path toward risk-taking.

%B Child Abuse Negl %V 34 %P 369-78 %8 2010 May %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.08.013 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Gastroenterol %D 2010 %T Cognitive-behavioral therapy for children with functional abdominal pain and their parents decreases pain and other symptoms. %A Levy, Rona L %A Langer, Shelby L %A Walker, Lynn S %A Romano, Joan M %A Christie, Dennis L %A Youssef, Nader %A DuPen, Melissa M %A Feld, Andrew D %A Ballard, Sheri A %A Welsh, Ericka M %A Jeffery, Robert W %A Young, Melissa %A Coffey, Melissa J %A Whitehead, William E %K Abdominal Pain %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Child %K Cognitive Therapy %K Disability Evaluation %K Female %K Humans %K Linear Models %K Male %K Pain Measurement %K Parent-Child Relations %K Parents %K Prospective Studies %K Treatment Outcome %X

OBJECTIVES: Unexplained abdominal pain in children has been shown to be related to parental responses to symptoms. This randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of an intervention designed to improve outcomes in idiopathic childhood abdominal pain by altering parental responses to pain and children's ways of coping and thinking about their symptoms.

METHODS: Two hundred children with persistent functional abdominal pain and their parents were randomly assigned to one of two conditions-a three-session intervention of cognitive-behavioral treatment targeting parents' responses to their children's pain complaints and children's coping responses, or a three-session educational intervention that controlled for time and attention. Parents and children were assessed at pretreatment, and 1 week, 3 months, and 6 months post-treatment. Outcome measures were child and parent reports of child pain levels, function, and adjustment. Process measures included parental protective responses to children's symptom reports and child coping methods.

RESULTS: Children in the cognitive-behavioral condition showed greater baseline to follow-up decreases in pain and gastrointestinal symptom severity (as reported by parents) than children in the comparison condition (time x treatment interaction, P<0.01). Also, parents in the cognitive-behavioral condition reported greater decreases in solicitous responses to their child's symptoms compared with parents in the comparison condition (time x treatment interaction, P<0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS: An intervention aimed at reducing protective parental responses and increasing child coping skills is effective in reducing children's pain and symptom levels compared with an educational control condition.

%B Am J Gastroenterol %V 105 %P 946-56 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1038/ajg.2010.106 %0 Journal Article %J J Am Coll Health %D 2010 %T College women's sexual decision making: cognitive mediation of alcohol expectancy effects. %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Norris, Jeanette %A Hessler, Danielle M %A Zawacki, Tina %A Morrison, Diane M %A George, William H %K Adolescent %K Alcohol Drinking %K Cognition %K Condoms %K Decision Making %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Models, Psychological %K Multivariate Analysis %K Psychological Tests %K Psychometrics %K Risk Assessment %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Statistics as Topic %K Unsafe Sex %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Alcohol has been linked to a variety of risky sexual practices, including inconsistent condom use. Due to the high rates of alcohol consumption among underage college women, greater understanding of the role of alcohol in young women's sexual decision making is warranted.

PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: Female underage (18- to 20-year-old) social drinkers (N = 94) participated in an experiment in which they projected themselves into a written hypothetical sexual situation with a new partner. One half of the situations portrayed alcohol consumption; one half did not involve alcohol consumption. Their appraisals of the situation's sexual potential, impelling and inhibiting cognitions, and sexual behavior intentions were assessed.

RESULTS: Results revealed that alcohol's expectancy effects on young women's unprotected sexual intentions were mediated by their cognitive appraisals of the situation.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that alcohol expectancies and their influence on women's sexual decisions should be incorporated into sexual risk reduction efforts.

%B J Am Coll Health %V 58 %P 481-9 %8 2010 Mar-Apr %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/07448481003599112 %0 Journal Article %J J Sex Res %D 2010 %T Comparison of daily and retrospective reports of vaginal sex in heterosexual men and women. %A Gillmore, Mary Rogers %A Leigh, Barbara C %A Hoppe, Marilyn J %A Morrison, Diane M %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Coitus %K Data Collection %K Female %K Heterosexuality %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Medical Records %K Mental Recall %K Reproducibility of Results %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Truth Disclosure %K Vagina %K Young Adult %X

This study examined the agreement between daily and retrospective reports of vaginal sex over a two-month period in a sample of 376 heterosexually active men and women. We also examined whether gender, age, or method of daily data collection (self-administered vs. interviewer administered) were related to agreement between daily and retrospective reports. Both counts and categorical measures of frequency of the behaviors were examined. There were no gender, age, or data collection method effects. When measured as a count, participants reported more instances of vaginal intercourse in the retrospective reports than on the daily reports. In contrast, comparison of retrospective categorical measures of frequency to daily reports showed considerable variability. Possible reasons for the over-reporting of counts of vaginal sex in retrospective reports are explored.

%B J Sex Res %V 47 %P 279-84 %8 2010 Jul %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1080/00224490903050584 %0 Journal Article %J Obstet Gynecol %D 2010 %T Depressive disorders during pregnancy: prevalence and risk factors in a large urban sample. %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Gavin, Amelia %A Guo, Yuqing %A Fan, Ming-Yu %A Katon, Wayne J %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Middle Aged %K Panic Disorder %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Spouse Abuse %K Stress, Psychological %K Suicide %K Urban Population %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of major and minor depression, panic disorder, and suicidal ideation during pregnancy while also identifying factors independently associated with antenatal depressive disorders.

METHODS: In this prospective study, participants were 1,888 women receiving ongoing prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through January 2009. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders was measured using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) criteria based on the Patient Health Questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with probable major depressive disorder and any depressive disorder.

RESULTS: Antenatal depressive disorders were present in 9.9% with 5.1% (97) meeting criteria for probable major depression and 4.8% (90) meeting criteria for probable minor depression. Panic disorder was present in 3.2% (61), and current suicidal ideation was reported by 2.6% (49). Among patients with probable major depression, 29.5% (28) reported current suicidal ideation. Psychosocial stress (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21-1.36), domestic violence (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.46-8.12), chronic medical conditions (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.63-5.69), and race (Asian: OR 5.81; 95% CI 2.55-13.23; or African American: OR 2.98; 95% CI 1.24-7.18) each significantly increased the odds of probable antepartum major depressive disorder, whereas older age (OR 0.92; 95% CI 0.88-0.97) decreased the odds. Factors associated with odds of any depression were similar overall except that Hispanic ethnicity (OR 2.50; 95% CI 1.09-5.72) also independently increased the odds of any depression.

CONCLUSION: Antenatal major and minor depressive disorders are common and significantly associated with clinically relevant and identifiable risk factors. By understanding the high point prevalence and associated factors, clinicians can potentially improve the diagnosis and treatment rates of serious depressive disorders in pregnant women.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II.

%B Obstet Gynecol %V 116 %P 1064-70 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3181f60b0a %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2010 %T Discrimination and mental health-related service use in a national study of Asian Americans. %A Spencer, Michael S %A Chen, Juan %A Gee, Gilbert C %A Fabian, Cathryn G %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adult %K Asia %K Asian Americans %K Communication Barriers %K Female %K Health Care Surveys %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health Services %K Middle Aged %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Perception %K Prejudice %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between perceived discrimination and use of mental health services among a national sample of Asian Americans.

METHODS: Our data came from the National Latino and Asian American Study, the first national survey of Asian Americans. Our sample included 600 Chinese, 508 Filipinos, 520 Vietnamese, and 467 other Asians (n=2095). We used logistic regression to examine the association between discrimination and formal and informal service use and the interactive effect of discrimination and English language proficiency.

RESULTS: Perceived discrimination was associated with more use of informal services, but not with less use of formal services. Additionally, higher levels of perceived discrimination combined with lower English proficiency were associated with more use of informal services.

CONCLUSIONS: The effect of perceived discrimination and language proficiency on service use indicates a need for more bilingual services and more collaborations between formal service systems and community resources.

%B Am J Public Health %V 100 %P 2410-7 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2009.176321 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2010 %T Disparities in health-related quality of life: a comparison of lesbians and bisexual women. %A Fredriksen-Goldsen, Karen I %A Kim, Hyun-Jun %A Barkan, Susan E %A Balsam, Kimberly F %A Mincer, Shawn L %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Bisexuality %K Exercise %K Female %K Health Status Disparities %K Homosexuality, Female %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Mental Health %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Poverty %K Quality of Life %K Risk Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Urban Population %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the association of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) with sexual orientation among lesbians and bisexual women and compared the predictors of HRQOL between the 2 groups.

METHODS: We used multivariate logistic regression to analyze Washington State Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System population-based data (2003 to 2007) in a sample of 1496 lesbians and bisexual women and examined determinants of HRQOL among lesbians and bisexual women.

RESULTS: For lesbians and bisexual women, frequent mental distress and poor general health were associated with poverty and lack of exercise; poor general health was associated with obesity and mental distress. Bisexual women showed a higher likelihood of frequent mental distress and poor general health than did lesbians. The odds of mental distress were higher for bisexual women living in urban areas as compared with nonurban areas. Lesbians had an elevated risk of poor general health and mental distress during midlife.

CONCLUSIONS: Despite the standard practice of collapsing sexual minority women into a single group, lesbian and bisexual women in this study emerge as distinct groups that merit specific attention. Bisexual women are at elevated risk for poor HRQOL.

%B Am J Public Health %V 100 %P 2255-61 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 11 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2009.177329 %0 Journal Article %J Dev Psychopathol %D 2010 %T Effects of childhood conduct problems and family adversity on health, health behaviors, and service use in early adulthood: tests of developmental pathways involving adolescent risk taking and depression. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Kosterman, Rick %A Mason, W A %A Hawkins, J D %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A McCauley, Elizabeth %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Adult %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Child Development %K Depression %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Health Services %K Health Status %K Humans %K Male %K Risk-Taking %X

This study examined a developmental, cascade model that includes childhood risks of conduct problems and family adversity at age 10-12; conduct problems, risk taking, and internalizing during adolescence; and adult outcomes of conduct problems, poor health, health risks, depression, and service use at ages 27 and 30. Analyses showed that childhood conduct problems predicted adolescent conduct problems and risk taking, which in turn, predicted adult conduct problems, health risks, depression, and service use. Childhood family adversity predicted adolescent internalizing, a predictor itself of poor health, depression, and service use at age 27. There was considerable continuity in the same adult outcomes measured over a 3-year period, as well as some cross-domain prediction from variables at age 27 to measures at age 30. Developmental patterns found in these data offer implications for future research and prevention.

%B Dev Psychopathol %V 22 %P 655-65 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1017/S0954579410000349 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2010 %T English proficiency and language preference: testing the equivalence of two measures. %A Gee, Gilbert C %A Walsemann, Katrina M %A Takeuchi, David T %K Acculturation %K Adult %K Asian Americans %K Attitude to Health %K Choice Behavior %K Data Interpretation, Statistical %K Educational Status %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Language %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Morbidity %K Multilingualism %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Thinking %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association of language proficiency vs language preference with self-rated health among Asian American immigrants. We also examined whether modeling preference or proficiency as continuous or categorical variables changed our inferences.

METHODS: Data came from the 2002-2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 1639). We focused on participants' proficiency in speaking, reading, and writing English and on their language preference when thinking or speaking with family or friends. We examined the relation between language measures and self-rated health with ordered and binary logistic regression.

RESULTS: All English proficiency measures were associated with self-rated health across all models. By contrast, associations between language preference and self-rated health varied by the model considered.

CONCLUSIONS: Although many studies create composite scores aggregated across measures of English proficiency and language preference, this practice may not always be conceptually or empirically warranted.

%B Am J Public Health %V 100 %P 563-9 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2008.156976 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2010 %T Evaluating the impact of intimate partner violence on the perpetrator: the Perceived Consequences of Domestic Violence Questionnaire. %A Walker, Denise D %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Mbilinyi, Lyungai F %A O'Rourke, Allison %A Zegree, Joan %A Roffman, Roger A %A Edleson, Jeffrey L %K Adult %K Aggression %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Motivation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Spouse Abuse %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Young Adult %X

Surprisingly, little is known about how IPV perpetrators perceive the conse quences of their violent behavior. This article describes the development and evaluation of the Perceived Consequences of Domestic Violence Questionnaire (PCDVQ). The PCDVQ is a 27 item self report instrument designed to assess the consequences of intimate partner violence (IPV) as perceived by the perpetrator. Data from 124 nontreatment seeking, male, IPV perpetrators recruited from the community provided support for the internal consistency of the PCDVQ. Participants reported an average of 9.97 (SD = 4.57) consequences. Scores on the PCDVQ significantly predicted motivation for change, beta =.19, t(113) = 2.03, p < .05, and treatment seeking, chi(2)(df = 1) = 10.79, p < .01, odds ratio = 1.27 (95% CI: 1.10 1.46). Clinical implications of this instrument are discussed.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 25 %P 1684-98 %8 2010 Sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1177/0886260509354592 %0 Journal Article %J J Immigr Minor Health %D 2010 %T Examining alternative measures of social disadvantage among Asian Americans: the relevance of economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain for health. %A de Castro, A B %A Gee, Gilbert C %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Asian Americans %K Body Mass Index %K Data Collection %K Educational Status %K Employment %K Female %K Health Status %K Humans %K Income %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Smoking %K Social Class %K United States %K Young Adult %X

Socioeconomic position is often operationalized as education, occupation, and income. However, these measures may not fully capture the process of socioeconomic disadvantage that may be related to morbidity. Economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain may also place individuals at risk for poor health outcomes. Data come from the Asian subsample of the 2003 National Latino and Asian American Study (n = 2095). Regression models were used to examine the associations between economic opportunity, subjective social status, and financial strain and the outcomes of self-rated health, body mass index, and smoking status. Education, occupation, and income were also investigated as correlates of these outcomes. Low correlations were observed between all measures of socioeconomic status. Economic opportunity was robustly negatively associated with poor self-rated health, higher body mass index, and smoking, followed by financial strain, then subjective social status. Findings show that markers of socioeconomic position beyond education, occupation, and income are related to morbidity among Asian Americans. This suggests that potential contributions of social disadvantage to poor health may be understated if only conventional measures are considered among immigrant and minority populations.

%B J Immigr Minor Health %V 12 %P 659-71 %8 2010 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s10903-009-9258-3 %0 Journal Article %J Soc Work %D 2010 %T Frontline worker responses to domestic violence disclosure in public welfare offices. %A Lindhorst, Taryn %A Casey, Erin %A Meyers, Marcia %K Domestic Violence %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Poverty %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %X

Although substantial numbers of women seeking Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) report domestic violence, few receive mandated services through the Family Violence Option (FVO). This study used transcripts ofinterviews between welfare caseworkers and their clients to identify and classify the responses made by workers to client disclosures of abuse and to assess the match or mismatch of these responses with FVO policy requirements. Only 22 of 782 client interviews involved the disclosure of abuse to the welfare caseworker. A typology of worker responses was created, from least to most engaged. This typology shows that only half of those who disclosed abuse received assistance from the welfare worker, despite policy mandates that clients receive information on TANF waivers and community resources. This study suggests that problems with implementation of the FVO reflect a systemic reluctance to address issues of violence with women rather than problems of individual workers.

%B Soc Work %V 55 %P 235-43 %8 2010 Jul %G eng %N 3 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T Future directions for positive youth development as a strategy to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Catalano, Richard F %A Gavin, Lorrie E %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Medicine %K Research %K Sexual Behavior %K United States %X

PYD has tremendous potential to promote not only ASRH but adolescent health more broadly. This review has identified 15 tested, effective models that have demonstrated impact on ASRH; most also affected other youth outcomes, and several produced long-lasting, sustainable effects. These model programs should be prepared for broader dissemination, replication, and effectiveness trials. Broader dissemination will entail investments in developing training, technical assistance, and monitoring models that will aid in ensuring and sustaining implementation with fidelity and tracking program adaptations in broad settings. Evaluations of existing national youth-serving organizations and existing PYD programs that are unevaluated should be encouraged if they are evaluable, address the most strongly supported PYD constructs, have a clearly developed logic model that connects program elements to youth development constructs and outcomes, and program manuals are developed. Support is also provided here for the impact of youth development constructs on later ASRH outcomes, suggesting that new PYD programs, especially those targeting PYD constructs with longitudinal evidence of promotive or protective effects, should be developed and evaluated to identify long-term results. There is much work to be done on examining the ability of PYD constructs to impact ASRH. While there is sufficient evidence for a number of PYD constructs, more longitudinal research is needed. We have argued here that investigation of existing longitudinal datasets may efficiently increase our understanding of the evidence for the promotive and protective effects of understudied constructs or those with mixed evidence. Further, there is a need for the development of standardized measures of PYD constructs and the development and use of measures of positive sexual and reproductive health outcomes. We also recommend that future studies compare the relative strength of the PYD constructs and devote more resources to understanding how these constructs work together to promote ASRH.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S92-6 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.026 %0 Journal Article %J J Genet Psychol %D 2010 %T Gender differences in risk and promotive classifications associated with adolescent delinquency. %A Whitney, Stephen D %A Renner, Lynette M %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Adolescent %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Domestic Violence %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parenting %K Poverty %K Risk Factors %K Sex Characteristics %K Social Facilitation %K Socialization %X

How likely are children exposed to multiple risk factors to engage in delinquent behavior, to what extent do promotive factors mitigate exposure to these risk factors, and do the predictors of delinquent behavior differ by gender? To address these questions, the authors analyzed data from youths (229 boys, 187 girls) who completed the third wave of the Lehigh Longitudinal Study using Latent Profile Analysis. A unique risk and promotive class with slightly elevated rates of exposure to parental violence, mean levels of other risk factors and low levels of promotive factors was present for girls but not for boys. Additionally, for boys and girls, high-risk, low-promotive individuals were significantly more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than low-risk, high-promotive cases. Findings suggest the need to examine risk and promotive factors in combination to account for their shared influences on developmental outcomes for youth.

%B J Genet Psychol %V 171 %P 116-38 %8 2010 Apr-Jun %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1080/00221320903548092 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Psychol Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: A comparison of youth from low- versus middle-income backgrounds. %A Mason, W A %A Hitch, Julia E %A Kosterman, Rick %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Child %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sampling Studies %K Social Class %K United States %K Unsafe Sex %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: This study examined adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and risky sex. Analyses further examined the influences of late childhood involvement in these problem behavior outcomes, with mediation through teen delinquency and alcohol use, and examined differences in the pathways for youth from low- compared to middle-income backgrounds.

METHOD: Multiple-group latent growth curve modeling was conducted using data collected from a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to age 24. Self-report assessments included delinquent involvement, alcohol use, and sexual activity in late childhood; delinquency and alcohol use in adolescence; and crime, AUDs, and risky sex in early adulthood.

RESULTS: Late childhood delinquent involvement was associated with young adult crime, AUDs, and risky sex indirectly through adolescent delinquency, and had a persistent direct effect on crime. Adolescent delinquency also mediated the relation between early sex onset and crime. Early alcohol use predicted a higher level of, and a faster rate of increase in, adolescent drinking, which predicted, in turn, young adult AUDs and risky sex. Significant group differences indicated stronger associations between adolescent delinquency and each young adult outcome for youth from low- compared to those from middle-income backgrounds.

CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention may help prevent the development of crime, AUDs, and risky sex behaviors, especially among disadvantaged youth.

%B J Child Psychol Psychiatry %V 51 %P 1377-85 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02292.x %0 Journal Article %J Acad Med %D 2010 %T How valid are standard self-assessment scales for international medical graduates? %A Narumoto, Keiichiro %A Wilson, Stephen A %K Career Choice %K Clinical Competence %K Demography %K Fatigue %K Foreign Medical Graduates %K Humans %K Internal Medicine %K Internship and Residency %K Maryland %K Self Concept %K Stress, Psychological %B Acad Med %V 85 %P 570-1; author reply 571 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1097/ACM.0b013e3181d2d629 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Identifying trajectories of adolescents' depressive phenomena: an examination of early risk factors. %A Mazza, James J %A Fleming, Charles B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Parents %K Risk Factors %K Sex Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Few studies have examined risk factors of childhood and early adolescent depressive symptomatology trajectories. This study examined self-report depressive symptomatology across a 6-year time period from 2nd to 8th grade to identify latent groups of individuals with similar patterns of depressive phenomena in a sample of 951 children (440 girls, 511 boys). Analyses, using semiparametric group modeling (SGM), identified 5 trajectory groups for girls and boys: low depressed stables, low depressed risers, mildly depressed stables, moderately depressed changers, and moderately depressed risers. Individual risk factors, with the exception of shy/withdrawn behavior, were significantly different across trajectory group membership for boys and girls, as was low-income status for boys. Boys in the low depressed and mildly depressed stable trajectory groups had significantly higher levels of antisocial behavior, attention problems, and lower social competency compared to girls in similar groups. These results suggest that universal prevention programs implemented in early elementary school that target selected risk factors may be helpful in reducing future adolescent mental health problems, specifically depressive symptomatology.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 579-93 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-009-9406-z %0 Journal Article %J Int J Environ Res Public Health %D 2010 %T The impact of school tobacco policies on student smoking in Washington State, United States and Victoria, Australia. %A Evans-Whipp, Tracy J %A Bond, Lyndal %A Ukoumunne, Obioha C %A Toumbourou, John W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Organizational Policy %K Smoking %K Social Class %K Students %K Tobacco %K Victoria %K Washington %X

This paper measures tobacco policies in statewide representative samples of secondary and mixed schools in Victoria, Australia and Washington, US (N = 3,466 students from 285 schools) and tests their association with student smoking. Results from confounder-adjusted random effects (multi-level) regression models revealed that the odds of student perception of peer smoking on school grounds are decreased in schools that have strict enforcement of policy (odds ratio (OR) = 0.45; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.82; p = 0.009). There was no clear evidence in this study that a comprehensive smoking ban, harsh penalties, remedial penalties, harm minimization policy or abstinence policy impact on any of the smoking outcomes.

%B Int J Environ Res Public Health %V 7 %P 698-710 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.3390/ijerph7030698 %0 Journal Article %J AIDS Behav %D 2010 %T The impact of trauma-focused group therapy upon HIV sexual risk behaviors in the NIDA Clinical Trials Network "Women and trauma" multi-site study. %A Hien, Denise A %A Campbell, Aimee N C %A Killeen, Therese %A Hu, Mei-Chen %A Hansen, Cheri %A Jiang, Huiping %A Hatch-Maillette, Mary %A Miele, Gloria M %A Cohen, Lisa R %A Gan, Weijin %A Resko, Stella M %A DiBono, Michele %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Nunes, Edward V %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adult %K Cognitive Therapy %K Female %K Health Education %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Treatment Outcome %K Unsafe Sex %K Wounds and Injuries %X

Women in drug treatment struggle with co-occurring problems, including trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which can heighten HIV risk. This study examines the impact of two group therapy interventions on reduction of unprotected sexual occasions (USO) among women with substance use disorders (SUD) and PTSD. Participants were 346 women recruited from and receiving treatment at six community-based drug treatment programs participating in NIDA's Clinical Trials Network. Participants were randomized to receive 12-sessions of either seeking safety (SS), a cognitive behavioral intervention for women with PTSD and SUD, or women's health education (WHE), an attention control psychoeducational group. Participants receiving SS who were at higher sexual risk (i.e., at least 12 USO per month) significantly reduced the number of USO over 12-month follow up compared to WHE. High risk women with co-occurring PTSD and addiction may benefit from treatment addressing coping skills and trauma to reduce HIV risk.

%B AIDS Behav %V 14 %P 421-30 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s10461-009-9573-7 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Gastroenterol %D 2010 %T Inability of the Rome III criteria to distinguish functional constipation from constipation-subtype irritable bowel syndrome. %A Wong, Reuben K %A Palsson, Olafur S %A Turner, Marsha J %A Levy, Rona L %A Feld, Andrew D %A von Korff, Michael %A Whitehead, William E %K Adult %K Aged %K Constipation %K Diagnosis, Differential %K Female %K Humans %K Irritable Bowel Syndrome %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Patient Selection %K Prospective Studies %K Quality of Life %K Statistics, Nonparametric %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

OBJECTIVES: The Rome III classification system treats functional constipation (FC) and irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) as distinct disorders, but this distinction appears artificial, and the same drugs are used to treat both. This study's hypothesis is that FC and IBS-C defined by Rome III are not distinct entities.

METHODS: In all, 1,100 adults with a primary care visit for constipation and 1,700 age- and gender-matched controls from a health maintenance organization completed surveys 12 months apart; 66.2% returned the first questionnaire. Rome III criteria identified 231 with FC and 201 with IBS-C. The second survey was completed by 195 of the FC and 141 of the IBS-C cohorts. Both surveys assessed the severity of constipation and IBS, quality of life (QOL), and psychological distress.

RESULTS: (i) Overlap: if the Rome III requirement that patients meeting criteria for IBS cannot be diagnosed with FC is suspended, 89.5% of IBS-C cases meet criteria for FC and 43.8% of FC patients fulfill criteria for IBS-C. (ii) No qualitative differences between FC and IBS-C: 44.8% of FC patients report abdominal pain, and paradoxically IBS-C patients have more constipation symptoms than FC. (iii) Switching between diagnoses: by 12 months, 1/3 of FC transition to IBS-C and 1/3 of IBS-C change to FC.

CONCLUSIONS: Patients identified by Rome III criteria for FC and IBS-C are not distinct groups. Revisions to the Rome III criteria, possibly including incorporation of physiological tests of transit and pelvic floor function, are needed.

%B Am J Gastroenterol %V 105 %P 2228-34 %8 2010 Oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1038/ajg.2010.200 %0 Journal Article %J Exp Clin Psychopharmacol %D 2010 %T The influence of alcohol expectancies and intoxication on men's aggressive unprotected sexual intentions. %A Davis, Kelly Cue %K Aggression %K Ethanol %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %X

An experiment tested the pathways through which alcohol expectancies and intoxication influenced men's self-reported sexual aggression intentions during an unprotected sexual encounter. After a questionnaire session, male social drinkers (N = 124) were randomly assigned to either an alcohol condition (target peak BAC = .08%) or a control condition. Upon completion of beverage consumption, participants read a description of a sexual encounter in which the female partner refused to have unprotected sexual intercourse. Participants then rated their emotional state, their intentions to have unprotected sex with the unwilling partner, and their postincident perceptions of the encounter. Structural equation modeling indicated that intoxicated men reported feeling stronger sexual aggression congruent emotions/motivations such as arousal and anger; however, this effect was moderated by alcohol expectancies. Intoxicated participants with stronger alcohol-aggression expectancies reported greater sexual aggression congruent emotions/motivations than did intoxicated participants with weaker alcohol-aggression expectancies. For sober participants, alcohol-aggression expectancies did not influence emotions/motivations. In turn, stronger sexual assault congruent emotions/motivations predicted greater sexual aggression intentions. Men with greater sexual aggression intentions were less likely to label the situation as a sexual assault and reported less concern about their intended actions. These findings underscore the relevance of both alcohol expectancies and alcohol intoxication to sexual aggression perpetration and highlight the importance of including information about alcohol's influence on both emotional and cognitive responses in sexual aggression prevention work.

%B Exp Clin Psychopharmacol %V 18 %P 418-28 %8 2010 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1037/a0020510 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Med %D 2010 %T Maintenance-tailored therapy vs. standard behavior therapy for 30-month maintenance of weight loss. %A Levy, Rona L %A Jeffery, Robert W %A Langer, Shelby L %A Graham, Dan J %A Welsh, Ericka M %A Flood, Andrew P %A Jaeb, Melanie A %A Laqua, Patricia S %A Finch, Emily A %A Hotop, Annie M %A Yatsuya, Hiroshi %K Adult %K Behavior Therapy %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Weight Gain %K Weight Loss %X

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences in weight regain one year after an 18-month obesity treatment with standard behavior therapy (SBT) or maintenance-tailored therapy for obesity (MTT).

METHOD: 213 obese adult volunteers were treated for 18 months using SBT with fixed behavioral prescriptions or MTT that employed varied behavioral prescriptions with treatment breaks. Follow-up analysis focused on weight maintenance after a year of no contact. The trial was conducted at the University of Minnesota between 2005 and 2009.

RESULTS: Mean (SD) weight change between 18 and 30 months for participants in the SBT group was +4.1 kg (4.4) compared to +2.8 kg (4.5) in the MTT group. This is a 31% reduction in weight regain in MTT relative to SBT (p=0.078). This trend toward better maintenance in MTT versus SBT was due primarily to superior differential maintenance in MTT participants in the highest tertile of total weight loss at 18 months, i.e. MTT participants in this tertile regained 4 kg less than SBT participants between 18 and 30 months.

CONCLUSIONS: The MTT approach with varied content and timing produced more desirable patterns of weight loss maintenance than the traditional SBT approach, especially among individuals who had achieved greater initial weight loss.

%B Prev Med %V 51 %P 457-9 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.09.010 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Geriatr Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Mental health treatment seeking among older adults with depression: the impact of stigma and race. %A Conner, Kyaien O %A Copeland, Valire Carr %A Grote, Nancy K %A Koeske, Gary %A Rosen, Daniel %A Reynolds, Charles F %A Brown, Charlotte %K African Americans %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Attitude to Health %K Depression %K European Continental Ancestry Group %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Mental Health Services %K Middle Aged %K Patient Acceptance of Health Care %K Stereotyping %X

OBJECTIVE: Stigma associated with mental illness continues to be a significant barrier to help seeking, leading to negative attitudes about mental health treatment and deterring individuals who need services from seeking care. This study examined the impact of public stigma (negative attitudes held by the public) and internalized stigma (negative attitudes held by stigmatized individuals about themselves) on racial differences in treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors among older adults with depression.

METHOD: Random digit dialing was utilized to identify a representative sample of 248 African American and white older adults (older than 60 years) with depression (symptoms assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9). Telephone-based surveys were conducted to assess their treatment-seeking attitudes and behaviors and the factors that impacted these behaviors.

RESULTS: Depressed older adult participants endorsed a high level of public stigma and were not likely to be currently engaged in or did they intend to seek mental health treatment. Results also suggested that African American older adults were more likely to internalize stigma and endorsed less positive attitudes toward seeking mental health treatment than their white counterparts. Multiple regression analysis indicated that internalized stigma partially mediated the relationship between race and attitudes toward treatment.

CONCLUSION: Stigma associated with having a mental illness has a negative influence on attitudes and intentions toward seeking mental health services among older adults with depression, particularly African American elders. Interventions to target internalized stigma are needed to help engage this population in psychosocial mental health treatments.

%B Am J Geriatr Psychiatry %V 18 %P 531-43 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1097/JGP.0b013e3181cc0366 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Gen Psychiatry %D 2010 %T A meta-analysis of depression during pregnancy and the risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth restriction. %A Grote, Nancy K %A Bridge, Jeffrey A %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Iyengar, Satish %A Katon, Wayne J %K Cross-Cultural Comparison %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Fetal Growth Retardation %K Humans %K Infant, Low Birth Weight %K Infant, Newborn %K Mass Screening %K Obstetric Labor, Premature %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Complications %K Prospective Studies %K Risk %K Socioeconomic Factors %X

CONTEXT: Maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy have been reported in some, but not all, studies to be associated with an increased risk of preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW), and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk of PTB, LBW, and IUGR associated with antenatal depression.

DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION: We searched for English-language and non-English-language articles via the MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Social Work Abstracts, Social Services Abstracts, and Dissertation Abstracts International databases (January 1980 through December 2009). We aimed to include prospective studies reporting data on antenatal depression and at least 1 adverse birth outcome: PTB (<37 weeks' gestation), LBW (<2500 g), or IUGR (<10th percentile for gestational age). Of 862 reviewed studies, 29 US-published and non-US-published studies met the selection criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION: Information was extracted on study characteristics, antenatal depression measurement, and other biopsychosocial risk factors and was reviewed twice to minimize error.

DATA SYNTHESIS: Pooled relative risks (RRs) for the effect of antenatal depression on each birth outcome were calculated using random-effects methods. In studies of PTB, LBW, and IUGR that used a categorical depression measure, pooled effect sizes were significantly larger (pooled RR [95% confidence interval] = 1.39 [1.19-1.61], 1.49 [1.25-1.77], and 1.45 [1.05-2.02], respectively) compared with studies that used a continuous depression measure (1.03 [1.00-1.06], 1.04 [0.99-1.09], and 1.02 [1.00-1.04], respectively). The estimates of risk for categorically defined antenatal depression and PTB and LBW remained significant when the trim-and-fill procedure was used to correct for publication bias. The risk of LBW associated with antenatal depression was significantly larger in developing countries (RR = 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.43-2.93) compared with the United States (RR = 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.21) or European social democracies (RR = 1.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.47). Categorically defined antenatal depression tended to be associated with an increased risk of PTB among women of lower socioeconomic status in the United States.

CONCLUSIONS: Women with depression during pregnancy are at increased risk for PTB and LBW, although the magnitude of the effect varies as a function of depression measurement, country location, and US socioeconomic status. An important implication of these findings is that antenatal depression should be identified through universal screening and treated.

%B Arch Gen Psychiatry %V 67 %P 1012-24 %8 2010 Oct %G eng %N 10 %R 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.111 %0 Journal Article %J Violence Against Women %D 2010 %T Normative misperceptions of abuse among perpetrators of intimate partner violence. %A Neighbors, Clayton %A Walker, Denise D %A Mbilinyi, Lyungai F %A O'Rourke, Allison %A Edleson, Jeffrey L %A Zegree, Joan %A Roffman, Roger A %K Attitude %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Motivation %K Prevalence %K Sexual Partners %K Social Behavior %K Spouse Abuse %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

This research was designed to evaluate the applicability of social norms approaches to interventions with male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV). Participants included 124 nonadjudicated IPV perpetrating men recruited from the general population who completed assessment of their own IPV behaviors via telephone interviews and estimated the prevalence of behaviors in other men. Results indicated that IPV perpetrators consistently overestimated the percentage of men who engaged in IPV and that their estimates were associated with violence toward their partner over the past 90 days. Findings provide preliminary support for incorporating social norms approaches into clinical applications.

%B Violence Against Women %V 16 %P 370-86 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1177/1077801210363608 %0 Journal Article %J Behav Res Ther %D 2010 %T Overgeneralization from limited data: A commentary on Cooper et al., 2010. %A Jeffery, Robert W %A Levy, Rona L %K Behavior Therapy %K Behavioral Research %K Humans %K Obesity %K Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic %X

This article comments on a recent paper by Cooper et al. in BRAT. Its main purpose is to comment on the provocative conclusion in the paper that behavioral research on weight loss maintenance should be abandoned. We disagree, arguing that the authors over generalize from their research, under crediting past behavioral weight loss research for its accomplishments, which are considerable. We briefly outline areas we believe remain exciting new research directions in this field.

%B Behav Res Ther %V 48 %P 714-6 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 8 %R 10.1016/j.brat.2010.05.016 %0 Journal Article %J Drug Alcohol Depend %D 2010 %T Person-environment interaction in the prediction of alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence in adulthood. %A Hill, Karl G %A Hawkins, J D %A Bailey, Jennifer A %A Catalano, Richard F %A Abbott, Robert D %A Shapiro, Valerie B %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adult %K Alcoholism %K Anxiety %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Inhibition (Psychology) %K Linear Models %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Predictive Value of Tests %K Social Environment %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Behavioral disinhibition (externalizing/impulsivity) and behavioral inhibition (internalizing/anxiety) may contribute to the development of alcohol abuse and dependence. But tests of person-by-environment interactions in predicting alcohol use disorders are needed. This study examined the extent to which interactions between behavioral disinhibition, behavioral inhibition and family management during adolescence predict alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27.

METHODS: This study used longitudinal data from a community sample of 808 men and women interviewed from ages 10 to 27 in the Seattle Social Development Project. Zero-order correlations followed by a series of nested regressions examined the relationships between individual characteristics (behavioral disinhibition and behavioral inhibition/anxiety) and environment (good vs. poor family management practices during adolescence) in predicting alcohol abuse and dependence criterion counts at age 27.

RESULTS: Behavioral disinhibition and poor family management predicted increased likelihood of both alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence at age 27. Behavioral inhibition/anxiety was unrelated to both outcomes. Youths high in behavioral disinhibition were at increased risk for later alcohol abuse and dependence only in consistently poorly managed family environments. In consistently well-managed families, high levels of behavioral disinhibition did not increase risk for later alcohol abuse or dependence.

CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral disinhibition increases risk for alcohol abuse and dependence in early adulthood only for individuals who experience poor family management during adolescence. Interventions seeking to reduce environmental risks by strengthening consistent positive family management practices may prevent later alcohol abuse and dependence among individuals at risk due to behavioral disinhibition.

%B Drug Alcohol Depend %V 110 %P 62-9 %8 2010 Jul 1 %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.005 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2010 %T Person-oriented methods in partner violence research: distinct biopsychosocial profiles among battered women. %A Nurius, Paula S %A Macy, Rebecca J %K Aggression %K Battered Women %K Crime Victims %K Female %K Humans %K Incidence %K Internal-External Control %K Interpersonal Relations %K Multivariate Analysis %K Personality Assessment %K Qualitative Research %K Research Design %K Risk Factors %K Spouse Abuse %K Vulnerable Populations %K Women's Health %X

Violence researchers have called for the use of person-oriented methods to understand differences that have been found in biopsychosocial consequences among those who experience intimate partner violence (IPV). To address this issue, we apply a person-oriented statistical method, latent profile analysis (LPA), to test for meaningful subgroups of a sample of 448 battered women based on participants' appraisals of their vulnerability relative to their violent partner, depressive symptoms, physical injuries, overall physical health functioning, and their positive and negative social relationships with friends and family. The LPA established five significantly distinct subgroups. Using MANOVA, we examined these subgroups and their respective IPV exposure, both concomitant and separate incidents within the past year. Those with the most intensive violence exposure show the greatest level of challenge and impairment. However, the groups with comparable levels of IPV exposure manifest distinctly different configurations of biopsychosocial profiles, indicating a need for adaptive interventions commensurate with these profiles. We discuss the implications these findings have for developing adaptive interventions for battered women, as well as the potential utility of person-oriented tools for violence researchers.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 25 %P 1064-93 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1177/0886260509340541 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T Positive youth development as a strategy to promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Gavin, Lorrie E %A Catalano, Richard F %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Health Promotion %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Behavior %K Sexual Behavior %K Young Adult %B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S1-6 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.12.017 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Obstet Gynecol %D 2010 %T Psychosocial stress during pregnancy. %A Woods, Sarah M %A Melville, Jennifer L %A Guo, Yuqing %A Fan, Ming-Yu %A Gavin, Amelia %K Adult %K Alcohol Drinking %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Health Behavior %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Pregnancy %K Pregnancy Outcome %K Risk Factors %K Stress, Psychological %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify factors associated with high antenatal psychosocial stress and describe the course of psychosocial stress during pregnancy.

STUDY DESIGN: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of data from an ongoing registry. Study participants were 1522 women receiving prenatal care at a university obstetric clinic from January 2004 through March 2008. Multiple logistic regression identified factors associated with high stress as measured by the Prenatal Psychosocial Profile stress scale.

RESULTS: The majority of participants reported antenatal psychosocial stress (78% low-moderate, 6% high). Depression (odds ratios [OR], 9.6; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.5-17.0), panic disorder (OR, 6.8; 95% CI, 2.9-16.2), drug use (OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 1.2-12.5), domestic violence (OR, 3.3; 95% CI, 1.4-8.3), and having > or =2 medical comorbidities (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5) were significantly associated with high psychosocial stress. For women who screened twice during pregnancy, mean stress scores declined during pregnancy (14.8 +/- 3.9 vs 14.2 +/- 3.8; P < .001).

CONCLUSION: Antenatal psychosocial stress is common, and high levels are associated with maternal factors known to contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes.

%B Am J Obstet Gynecol %V 202 %P 61.e1-7 %8 2010 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1016/j.ajog.2009.07.041 %0 Journal Article %J Pediatrics %D 2010 %T Pubertal stage and the prevalence of violence and social/relational aggression. %A Hemphill, Sheryl A %A Kotevski, Aneta %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Toumbourou, John W %A Carlin, John B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Patton, George C %K Adolescent %K Aggression %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Depressive Disorder %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Prevalence %K Puberty %K Risk Factors %K Spouse Abuse %K Victoria %K Violence %K Washington %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: We examined associations between pubertal stage and violent adolescent behavior and social/relational aggression.

METHODS: The International Youth Development Study comprises statewide representative student samples in grades 5, 7, and 9 (N = 5769) in Washington State and Victoria, Australia, drawn as a 2-stage cluster sample in each state. We used a school-administered, self-report student survey to measure previous-year violent behavior (ie, attacking or beating up another person) and social/relational aggression (excluding peers from the group, threatening to spread lies or rumors), as well as risk and protective factors and pubertal development. Cross-sectional data were analyzed.

RESULTS: Compared with early puberty, the odds of violent behavior were approximately threefold higher in midpuberty (odds ratio [OR]: 2.87 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.81-4.55]) and late puberty (OR: 3.79 [95% CI: 2.25-6.39]) after adjustment for demographic factors. For social/relational aggression, there were weaker overall associations after adjustment, but these associations included an interaction between pubertal stage and age, and stronger associations with pubertal stage at younger age were shown (P = .003; midpuberty OR: 1.78 [95% CI: 1.20-2.63]; late puberty OR: 3.00 [95% CI: 1.95-4.63]). Associations between pubertal stage and violent behavior and social/relational aggression remained after the inclusion of social contextual mediators in the analyses.

CONCLUSIONS: Pubertal stage was associated with higher rates of violent behavior and social/relational aggression, with the latter association seen only at younger ages. Puberty is an important phase at which to implement prevention programs to reduce adolescent violent and antisocial behaviors.

%B Pediatrics %V 126 %P e298-305 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1542/peds.2009-0574 %0 Journal Article %J J Public Health Manag Pract %D 2010 %T A qualitative analysis of immunization programs with sustained high coverage, 2000-2005. %A Kennedy, Allison %A Groom, Holly %A Evans, Victoria %A Fasano, Nancy %K Child, Preschool %K Data Collection %K Humans %K Immunization Programs %K Infant %K Local Government %K Public Health %K Qualitative Research %K State Government %K United States %K Vaccination %K Vaccines %X

Despite record-high immunization coverage nationally, there is considerable variation across state and local immunization programs, which are responsible for the implementation of vaccine recommendations in their jurisdictions. The objectives of this study were to describe activities of state and local immunization programs that sustained high coverage levels across several years and to identify common themes and practical examples for sustaining childhood vaccination coverage rates that could be applied elsewhere. We conducted 95 semi-structured key informant interviews with internal staff members and external partners at the 10 immunization programs with the highest sustained childhood immunization coverage from 2000 to 2005, as measured by the National Immunization Survey. Interview transcripts were analyzed qualitatively using a general inductive approach. Common themes across the 10 programs included maintaining a strong program infrastructure, using available data to drive planning and decision making, a commitment to building and sustaining relationships, and a focus on education and communication. Given the challenges of an increasingly complex immunization system, the lessons learned from these programs may help inform others who are working to improve childhood immunization delivery and coverage in their own programs.

%B J Public Health Manag Pract %V 16 %P E9-17 %8 2010 Jan-Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1097/PHH.0b013e3181c7e053 %0 Journal Article %J Public Health Rep %D 2010 %T Racial/ethnic differences in the association between obesity and major depressive disorder: findings from the Comprehensive Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys. %A Gavin, Amelia R %A Rue, Tessa %A Takeuchi, David %K Adult %K Age Distribution %K Comorbidity %K Depressive Disorder, Major %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Female %K Health Surveys %K Humans %K Logistic Models %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Obesity %K Prevalence %K Risk Factors %K Sex Distribution %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: This study examined whether the association between obesity and 12-month prevalence of major depressive disorder (MDD) varied according to racial/ethnic status and nativity in representative national samples of black, Latino, Asian, and non-Hispanic white people.

METHODS: We used data from the Comprehensive Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys.

RESULTS: In analyses by gender, obesity was associated with an elevated risk of MDD among non-Hispanic white women (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.27, 2.35; p = 0.001). Formal test for interaction revealed significant variation by race present between non-Hispanic white women and black, Latin, and Asian women. No significant differences were evident among men. In analyses by nativity, the association between obesity and MDD was significant among U.S.-born non-Hispanic white women (AOR=1.62; 95% CI 1.16, 2.27; p = 0.001) and U.S.-born black women (AOR = 1.29; 95% CI 1.01, 1.66; p = 0.041). Significant interactions were present among U.S.-born white and black women, Latin women, and Asian women. No significant interactions were evident among foreign-born women. Similarly, no significant differences were present among native-born or foreign-born men.

CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the association between obesity and MDD varies according to racial/ethnic status and nativity. Understanding the link between obesity and depression may be imperative to designing interventions to address body weight maintenance and reduction strategies among women.

%B Public Health Rep %V 125 %P 698-708 %8 2010 Sep-Oct %G eng %N 5 %0 Journal Article %J Adm Policy Ment Health %D 2010 %T The relationship between outpatient mental health treatment and subsequent mental health symptoms and disorders in young adults. %A Van Dorn, Richard A %A Kosterman, Rick %A Williams, James H %A Chandler, Kristen %A Young, M S %A Catalano, Richard F %A Hawkins, J D %K Adult %K Ambulatory Care %K Community Mental Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Mental Disorders %K Young Adult %X

The objective of this study was to evaluate community-based outpatient mental health services for young adults. Participants were interviewed at ages 21, 24, 27, and 30. Outcomes included: (1) symptoms of depression, generalized anxiety, social phobia, dysthymia and post traumatic stress individually and as a global scale; and (2) a dichotomous diagnosis variable inclusive of all above disorders. Treatment was indicated by an outpatient visit to a psychiatrist or other professional. Treatment did not reduce mental disorder or symptoms. Substance use, violence, poverty, community disorganization, and family history of antisocial behavior increased risks for negative outcomes, while social support was protective. The absence of positive findings associated with outpatient treatment is troubling given the empirically supported interventions for the conditions examined. Practitioners, agencies, and managed care organizations share a responsibility to implement effective and comprehensive interventions.

%B Adm Policy Ment Health %V 37 %P 484-96 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10488-010-0291-2 %0 Journal Article %J J Youth Adolesc %D 2010 %T Relationships between level and change in family, school, and peer factors during two periods of adolescence and problem behavior at age 19. %A Fleming, Charles B %A Catalano, Richard F %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Conflict (Psychology) %K Crime %K Family %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Parent-Child Relations %K Peer Group %K Risk Factors %K Schools %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

While prior research has examined family, school, and peer factors as potential predictors of problem behavior, less attention has been given to studying when these factors are most predictive of problems and if and when changes in these factors signal risk. Using annual data on a community sample of 1,040 individuals (47% female; 81% White), this study models growth in risk and protective factors during two developmental periods (Grades 5-8 and Grades 9-12) in order to predict substance misuse and crime at age 19. For protective factors of positive relationships with family and positive bonds to school, both the levels of these factors at Grade 5 and change between Grade 5 and Grade 8 predicted substance misuse and crime in early adulthood. Higher likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior also were predicted by increases in the risk factor of exposure to negative peers between 5th and 8th grade. In the late adolescent period, levels at 9th grade of all risk and protective factors examined predicted both substance misuse and crime. Also, increases in exposure to negative peers in late adolescence predicted greater likelihoods of both forms of problem behavior, while greater risk of substance misuse was predicted by decreases in school bonding and academic achievement, and greater risk of crime was predicted by worsening relationships with family. The results add to prior research by indicating that in addition to the level, change in risk and protective factors during these two stages of development can be signals of risk and are promising targets for intervention.

%B J Youth Adolesc %V 39 %P 670-82 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1007/s10964-010-9526-5 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2010 %T A review of positive youth development programs that promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health. %A Gavin, Loretta E %A Catalano, Richard F %A David-Ferdon, Corinne %A Gloppen, Kari M %A Markham, Christine M %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Development %K Female %K Humans %K Male %K Reproductive Behavior %K Sexual Behavior %X

PURPOSE: Positive youth development (PYD) may be a promising strategy for promoting adolescent health. A systematic review of the published data was conducted to identify and describe PYD programs that improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health.

METHODS: Eight databases were searched for articles about PYD programs published between 1985 and 2007. Programs included met the following criteria: fostered at least one of 12 PYD goals in multiple socialization domains (i.e., family, school, community) or addressed two or more goals in at least one socialization domain; allocated at least half of the program activities to promoting general PYD outcomes (as compared with a focus on direct sexual health content); included youth younger than 20 years old; and used an experimental or quasi-experimental evaluation design.

RESULTS: Thirty programs met the inclusion criteria, 15 of which had evidence of improving at least one adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcome. Program effects were moderate and well-sustained. Program goals addressed by approximately 50% or more of the effective programs included promoting prosocial bonding, cognitive competence, social competence, emotional competence, belief in the future, and self-determination. Effective programs were significantly more likely than those that did not have an impact to strengthen the school context and to deliver activities in a supportive atmosphere. Effective programs were also more likely to build skills, enhance bonding, strengthen the family, engage youth in real roles and activities, empower youth, communicate expectations, and be stable and relatively long-lasting, although these differences between effective and ineffective programs were not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION: PYD programs can promote adolescent sexual and reproductive health, and tested, effective PYD programs should be part of a comprehensive approach to promoting adolescent health. However, more research is needed before a specific list of program characteristics can be viewed as a "recipe" for success.

%B J Adolesc Health %V 46 %P S75-91 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 3 Suppl %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.215 %0 Journal Article %J Public Health Rep %D 2010 %T Risk factors for HIV disease progression in a rural southwest American Indian population. %A Iralu, Jonathan %A Duran, Bonnie %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Jiang, Yizhou %A Foley, Kevin %A Harrison, Melvin %K Alcoholism %K CD4 Lymphocyte Count %K Disease Progression %K Female %K HIV Infections %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Medication Adherence %K Medicine, Traditional %K Prisoners %K Risk Factors %K Rural Population %K Southwestern United States %K Viral Load %X

OBJECTIVES: Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression among American Indians (AIs) have been poorly characterized. We assessed the impact of socioeconomic factors and use of traditional healing on HIV disease progression in a rural AI community.

METHODS: From January 2004 through December 2006, we interviewed 36 HIV-positive AIs regarding their socioeconomic status, incarceration, and use of traditional healing. We also collected chart-abstracted adherence and substance-abuse data. Through bivariate analysis, we compared these factors with the CD4-cell counts and log HIV-1 viral loads (VLs). Using a simple regression model, we assessed interactions between the significant associations and the outcome.

RESULTS: Participant characteristics included being male (58.3%), being transgender (13.9%), having ever been incarcerated (63.9%), having a household income of < $1,000/month (41.7%), being unemployed (61.1%), being diagnosed with alcohol abuse (50.0%), and using traditional medicine (27.8%) in the last 12 months. Higher VLs were associated with recent incarceration (p < 0.05), household income of < $1,000/month (p < 0.05), and provider-assessed alcohol abuse (p < 0.05). We found an interaction between incarceration and alcohol abuse, and alcohol abuse was the factor more strongly associated with higher VLs. A lower CD4 count was associated with recent incarceration (p < 0.05) and use of traditional medicine (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS: Alcohol abuse is an important contributor to HIV disease progression, and participants with lower CD4 counts were more likely to use traditional medicine. HIV care among this rural AI population should focus on addressing alcohol abuse and other socioeconomic risk factors and promote collaboration between Western medical and Navajo traditional practitioners.

%B Public Health Rep %V 125 Suppl 4 %P 43-50 %8 2010 Jul-Aug %G eng %0 Journal Article %J J Stud Alcohol Drugs %D 2010 %T Romantic relationship status changes and substance use among 18- to 20-year-olds. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Haggerty, Kevin P %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Age Factors %K Depression %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Marriage %K Sexual Partners %K Single Person %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

OBJECTIVE: Changes in romantic relationship status are common in emerging adulthood and may be linked to changes in substance use. This study tested the hypothesis that entry into relationships or transitioning to a more committed status leads to decreases in substance use and that dissolution of relationships or transitioning to a less committed status results in increases in substance use.

METHOD: Data were from a community sample of 939 individuals. Substance use (heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking) and relationship status (single, in a romantic relationship but not cohabiting, cohabiting, or married) were assessed at the beginning and end of three 6-month intervals between the ages of 18 and 20 years. Models were estimated to assess the association between transitions in relationship status and substance use, adjusting for prior levels of use.

RESULTS: There were increases in heavy drinking, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking associated with dissolution of a romantic relationship, as well as increases in marijuana use and cigarette smoking associated with switching partners within a 6-month interval. Mediation analyses found some support for increases in both depressive symptoms and exposure to substance-using peers partially accounting for these associations. Decreases in substance use were not found for individuals entering into a new relationship or transitioning to a more committed relationship status. In fact, cigarette smoking increased among those who went from being single to being in a romantic relationship compared with those whose relationship status did not change.

CONCLUSIONS: Emerging adults who experience dissolution of romantic relationships or quickly move from one relationship to another experience increased substance use. Both depressive symptoms and changes in peer environments may partially account for these changes in use.

%B J Stud Alcohol Drugs %V 71 %P 847-56 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %0 Journal Article %J J Health Soc Behav %D 2010 %T Romantic relationships and substance use in early adulthood: an examination of the influences of relationship type, partner substance use, and relationship quality. %A Fleming, Charles B %A White, Helene R %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Courtship %K Data Collection %K Female %K Humans %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

This study used longitudinal data from 909 young adults to examine associations between substance use and the status and quality of romantic relationships. Heavy alcohol use, marijuana use, and cigarette smoking, as well as relationship status, relationship quality, partner substance use, and other salient life circumstances were assessed at four time points in the two years after high school. Marriage, cohabiting relationships, and noncohabiting dating relationships were associated with reductions in heavy drinking and marijuana use relative to non-dating, after adjusting for adolescent substance use; marriage compared to not dating was associated with reductions in cigarette smoking. For those in romantic relationships, partner substance use moderated the associations between relationship quality and substance use for heavy drinking and for marijuana use, supporting the hypothesis derived from the Social Development Model that the protective effect of stronger social bonds depends on the use patterns of the partner to whom an individual is bonded.

%B J Health Soc Behav %V 51 %P 153-67 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 2 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Sex Behav %D 2010 %T Sexual abuse history, alcohol intoxication, and women's sexual risk behavior. %A Schacht, Rebecca L %A George, William H %A Davis, Kelly Cue %A Heiman, Julia R %A Norris, Jeanette %A Stoner, Susan A %A Kajumulo, Kelly F %K Adult %K Affect %K Alcoholic Intoxication %K Child %K Child Abuse, Sexual %K Condoms %K Female %K Humans %K Photoplethysmography %K Risk-Taking %K Safe Sex %K Sex Offenses %K Sexual Behavior %K Vagina %X

We examined potential differences in women's likelihood of sexual risk taking in a laboratory setting based on alcohol intoxication and sexual abuse history. Participants (n = 64) were classified as non-sexually abused (NSA) or as having experienced sexual abuse in childhood only (CSA) or adulthood only (ASA) and randomly assigned to consume alcoholic (.06, .08, or .10% target blood alcohol content) or non-alcoholic drinks, after which participants read and responded to a risky sex vignette. Dependent measures included vaginal pulse amplitude, self-reported sexual arousal, likelihood of engaging in condom use and risky sexual behaviors described in the vignette, and mood. NSA and ASA women did not differ significantly on any dependent measures. CSA women reported significantly lower likelihood of condom use and unprotected intercourse relative to NSA and ASA women. Intoxicated women reported significantly greater sexual arousal, positive mood, and likelihood of risky sex relative to sober women. Intoxicated CSA women reported significantly more likelihood of unprotected oral sex and less likelihood of condom use relative to intoxicated NSA and ASA and sober CSA women. CSA women's increased risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) may be driven by non-condom use and behavioral changes while intoxicated. These findings provide preliminary insight into situational influences affecting CSA women's increased STI risk.

%B Arch Sex Behav %V 39 %P 898-906 %8 2010 Aug %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10508-009-9544-0 %0 Journal Article %J Sex Transm Dis %D 2010 %T Sexual partner concurrency and sexual risk among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender American Indian/Alaska natives. %A Cassels, Susan %A Pearson, Cynthia R %A Walters, Karina %A Simoni, Jane M %A Morris, Martina %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Alaska %K Bisexuality %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Healthcare Disparities %K HIV Infections %K Homosexuality, Female %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Prevalence %K Risk-Taking %K Sexual Behavior %K Sexual Partners %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K Transgender Persons %X

BACKGROUND: American Indian and Alaska Natives suffer pervasive health disparities, including disproportionately high rates of HIV. Sexual network dynamics, including concurrency and sexual mixing patterns, are key determinants of HIV disparities.

METHODS: We analyzed data from the first national study of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender American Indian and Alaska Natives to examine the prevalence of concurrency, sex and race of partners, and level of risk across different partnership patterns. Egocentric network data were analyzed at the level of the respondents, who were grouped according to the sex of their last 3 partners.

RESULTS: Overall rates of HIV and concurrency were high in this population. HIV prevalence (34%) and cumulative prevalence of concurrency (55%) were highest among men who had sex with only men, while women who had sex with only women reported lower concurrency and HIV. Women who had sex with women and men also had high HIV prevalence (15%) and reported slightly higher concurrency risk and low condom use, making them effective bridge populations.

CONCLUSIONS: The uniformly high rates of Native partner selection creates the potential for amplification of disease spread within this small community, while the high rates of selecting partners of other races creates the potential for bridging to other groups in the transmission network. These findings provide some of the first insights into sexual networks and concurrency among Native gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender populations and suggest that both men and women deserve attention in HIV prevention efforts at individual, dyadic and population levels.

%B Sex Transm Dis %V 37 %P 272-8 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181c37e3e %0 Journal Article %J Am J Ind Med %D 2010 %T Smoking and the Asian American workforce in the National Latino and Asian American Study. %A de Castro, A B %A Garcia, Gabriel %A Gee, Gilbert C %A Tsai, Jenny Hsin-Chun %A Rue, Tessa %A Takeuchi, David T %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Aged %K Asian Americans %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Employment %K Female %K Hispanic Americans %K Humans %K Interviews as Topic %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Occupations %K Prevalence %K Smoking %K United States %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: Smoking among the Asian American workforce has not been extensively researched. This study examines smoking prevalence among a nationally representative sample of Asian Americans with an emphasis on occupational classification.

METHODS: Cross-sectional data come from the National Latino and Asian American Study. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine smoking prevalence by occupation, gender, and nativity, among 1,528 participants self-identifying as in the labor force.

RESULTS: Blue collar workers reported the highest smoking prevalence (32%) followed by unemployed (19%), other (17%), service (14%), and white collar (10%). Among both employed males and females, blue collar workers had the highest prevalence (45% and 18%, respectively). By nativity, smoking was highest among blue collar workers for immigrants (25%) and highest among the unemployed for U.S. born (16%). Blue collar employment was significantly associated with being a current smoker (OR = 2.52; 95% CI: 1.23-5.16; P < 0.05) controlling for demographics (e.g., age, gender, ethnic group, nativity, etc.).

CONCLUSIONS: Findings reveal that smoking differs by occupation among Asian Americans. Future research should examine factors explaining differences while considering gender and nativity.

%B Am J Ind Med %V 53 %P 171-8 %8 2010 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1002/ajim.20697 %0 Journal Article %J Child Maltreat %D 2010 %T Special issue call for papers: disseminating child maltreatment interventions: research on implementing evidence-based programs. %A Whitaker, Daniel J %A Self-Brown, Shannon %A Kolko, David %A Berliner, Lucy %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Behavior %K Child Welfare %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Humans %K Periodicals as Topic %K Primary Prevention %B Child Maltreat %V 15 %P 336 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 4 %0 Journal Article %J J Subst Abuse Treat %D 2010 %T Study results from the Clinical Trials Network's first 10 years: where do they lead? %A Wells, Elizabeth A %A Saxon, Andrew J %A Calsyn, Donald A %A Jackson, Thomas R %A Donovan, Dennis M %K Clinical Trials as Topic %K Humans %K National Institute on Drug Abuse (U.S.) %K Quality Assurance, Health Care %K Research Design %K Risk-Taking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Treatment Outcome %K United States %X

The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (CTN) began in 2000 with the goal of "improv[ing] the quality of drug abuse treatment throughout the country using science as the vehicle." Since then, 24 discrete clinical trials were launched, 20 are completed, and 15 have published main outcome papers. Of the latter, 4 tested pharmacological treatment, 8 psychosocial/behavioral treatment, 1 a combination of medication and counseling, and 2 targeted HIV/hepatitis C virus risk behavior. We review main study findings for these trials, including treatment retention, substance use or risk behavior outcomes, and secondary outcomes when analyzed. The purpose of this review is to identify the incremental progress toward improving drug treatment made by these trials and to propose next steps for the CTN and for the field arising from these studies. The CTN provides a unique opportunity to systematically design trials that incorporate treatment improvements from previous trials and to direct efforts toward innovations most likely to be incorporated into practice.

%B J Subst Abuse Treat %V 38 Suppl 1 %P S14-30 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %R 10.1016/j.jsat.2009.12.009 %0 Journal Article %J J Cross Cult Gerontol %D 2010 %T Successful aging through the eyes of Alaska Natives: exploring generational differences among Alaska Natives. %A Lewis, Jordan P %K Adult %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Aging %K Alaska %K Culture %K Female %K Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice %K Humans %K Indians, North American %K Intergenerational Relations %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Models, Theoretical %K Qualitative Research %K Rural Population %X

There is very little research on Alaska Native (AN) elders and how they subjectively define a successful older age. The lack of a culturally-specific definition often results in the use of a generic definition that portrays Alaska Native elders as aging less successfully than their White counterparts. However, there is a very limited understanding of a diverse array of successful aging experiences across generations. This research explores the concept of successful aging from an Alaska Native perspective, or what it means to age well in Alaska Native communities. An adapted Explanatory Model (EM) approach was used to gain a sense of the beliefs about aging from Alaska Natives. Research findings indicate that aging successfully is based on local understandings about personal responsibility and making the conscious decision to live a clean and healthy life, abstaining from drugs and alcohol. The findings also indicate that poor aging is often characterized by a lack of personal responsibility, or not being active, not being able to handle alcohol, and giving up on oneself. Most participants stated that elder status is not determined by reaching a certain age (e.g., 65), but instead is designated when an individual has demonstrated wisdom because of the experiences he or she has gained throughout life. This research seeks to inform future studies on rural aging that prioritizes the perspectives of elders to impact positively on the delivery of health care services and programs in rural Alaska.

%B J Cross Cult Gerontol %V 25 %P 385-96 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s10823-010-9124-8 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2010 %T Testing the universality of the effects of the communities that care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Universal community-oriented interventions are an important component in the prevention of youth health and behavior problems. Testing the universality of the effects of an intervention that was designed to be universal is important because it provides information about how the program operates and for whom and under what conditions it is most effective. The present study examined whether the previously established significant effects of the universal, community-based Communities That Care (CTC) prevention program on the prevalence of substance use and the variety of delinquent behaviors held equally for boys and girls and in risk-related subgroups defined by early substance use, early delinquency, and high levels of community-targeted risk at baseline. Interaction analyses of data from a panel of 4,407 students followed from Grade 5 to Grade 8 in the first randomized trial of CTC in 12 matched community pairs suggests that CTC reduced students' substance use and delinquency equally across risk-related subgroups and gender, with two exceptions: The effect of CTC on reducing substance use in 8th grade was stronger for boys than girls and the impact of CTC on reducing 8th-grade delinquency was stronger for students who were nondelinquent at baseline.

%B Prev Sci %V 11 %P 411-23 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11121-010-0178-1 %0 Journal Article %J Child Abuse Negl %D 2010 %T Trauma focused CBT for children with co-occurring trauma and behavior problems. %A Cohen, Judith A %A Berliner, Lucy %A Mannarino, Anthony %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Cognitive Therapy %K Combined Modality Therapy %K Comorbidity %K Crisis Intervention %K Education %K Evidence-Based Medicine %K Family Therapy %K Humans %K Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic %K Transfer (Psychology) %X

OBJECTIVE: Childhood trauma impacts multiple domains of functioning including behavior. Traumatized children commonly have behavioral problems that therapists must effectively evaluate and manage in the context of providing trauma-focused treatment. This manuscript describes practical strategies for managing behavior problems in the context of trauma-focused evidence-based treatment (EBT) using a commonly implemented EBT for traumatized children.

METHODS: The empirical literature is reviewed and practical strategies are described for conducting trauma- and behavioral-focused assessments; engaging families in trauma- and behavioral-focused treatment; treatment-planning that includes a balance of both trauma and behavioral foci; managing ongoing behavioral problems in the context of providing trauma-focused treatment; managing behavioral crises ("crises of the week"); addressing overwhelming family or social problems; and steps for knowledge transfer.

RESULTS: Trauma-focused EBT that integrate behavioral management strategies can effectively manage the behavioral regulation problems that commonly occur in traumatized children.

CONCLUSIONS: Addressing trauma-related behavioral problems is an important part of trauma-focused treatment and is feasible to do in the context of using common trauma-focused EBT.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Integrating effective behavioral interventions into trauma-focused EBT is essential due to the common nature of behavioral regulation difficulties in traumatized children.

%B Child Abuse Negl %V 34 %P 215-24 %8 2010 Apr %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.12.003 %0 Journal Article %J J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %D 2010 %T Use of spoken and written Japanese did not protect Japanese-American men from cognitive decline in late life. %A Crane, Paul K %A Gruhl, Jonathan C %A Erosheva, Elena A %A Gibbons, Laura E %A McCurry, Susan M %A Rhoads, Kristoffer %A Nguyen, Viet %A Arani, Keerthi %A Masaki, Kamal %A White, Lon %K Age Factors %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asian Americans %K Cognition Disorders %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Hawaii %K Humans %K Japan %K Language %K Language Tests %K Male %K Multilingualism %K Multivariate Analysis %K Neuropsychological Tests %K Regression Analysis %K Speech %X

OBJECTIVES: Spoken bilingualism may be associated with cognitive reserve. Mastering a complicated written language may be associated with additional reserve. We sought to determine if midlife use of spoken and written Japanese was associated with lower rates of late life cognitive decline.

METHODS: Participants were second-generation Japanese-American men from the Hawaiian island of Oahu, born 1900-1919, free of dementia in 1991, and categorized based on midlife self-reported use of spoken and written Japanese (total n included in primary analysis = 2,520). Cognitive functioning was measured with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument scored using item response theory. We used mixed effects models, controlling for age, income, education, smoking status, apolipoprotein E e4 alleles, and number of study visits.

RESULTS: Rates of cognitive decline were not related to use of spoken or written Japanese. This finding was consistent across numerous sensitivity analyses.

DISCUSSION: We did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that multilingualism is associated with cognitive reserve.

%B J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %V 65 %P 654-66 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1093/geronb/gbq046 %0 Journal Article %J J Epidemiol Community Health %D 2010 %T Who, and what, causes health inequities? Reflections on emerging debates from an exploratory Latin American/North American workshop. %A Krieger, Nancy %A Alegría, Margarita %A Almeida-Filho, Naomar %A Barbosa da Silva, Jarbas %A Barreto, Maurício L %A Beckfield, Jason %A Berkman, Lisa %A Birn, Anne-Emanuelle %A Duncan, Bruce B %A Franco, Saul %A Garcia, Dolores Acevedo %A Gruskin, Sofia %A James, Sherman A %A Laurell, Asa Christina %A Schmidt, Maria Inês %A Walters, Karina L %K Health Priorities %K Healthcare Disparities %K Humans %K Latin America %K North America %K Politics %K Poverty %K Public Health %K Social Conditions %K Social Justice %K Warfare %B J Epidemiol Community Health %V 64 %P 747-9 %8 2010 Sep %G eng %N 9 %R 10.1136/jech.2009.106906 %0 Journal Article %J Adm Policy Ment Health %D 2010 %T Why current and former recipients of foster care need high quality mental health services. %A Pecora, Peter J %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Health Services %K Affective Symptoms %K Child %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Child Health Services %K Child Welfare %K Community Mental Health Services %K Education %K Foster Home Care %K Health Policy %K Health Services Needs and Demand %K Health Services Research %K Humans %K Outcome and Process Assessment (Health Care) %K Quality Assurance, Health Care %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

This commentary presents data about the emotional, behavioral, and substance abuse disorders of youth in foster care and former recipients of foster care ("alumni") in the United States to underscore the reasons why high quality mental health services are essential.

%B Adm Policy Ment Health %V 37 %P 185-90 %8 2010 Mar %G eng %N 1-2 %R 10.1007/s10488-010-0295-y %0 Journal Article %J J Urban Health %D 2010 %T Why the wait? Delayed HIV diagnosis among men who have sex with men. %A Nelson, Kimberly M %A Thiede, Hanne %A Hawes, Stephen E %A Golden, Matthew R %A Hutcheson, Rebecca %A Carey, James W %A Kurth, Ann %A Jenkins, Richard A %K Adolescent %K Adult %K Age Factors %K Delayed Diagnosis %K Health Status %K HIV Infections %K HIV Seropositivity %K Homeless Persons %K Homosexuality, Male %K Humans %K Male %K Middle Aged %K Sexual Behavior %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Young Adult %X

We sought to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; testing HIV-seropositive 6 months or more after HIV seroconversion), by comparing delayed testers to non-delayed testers (persons who were diagnosed within 6 months of HIV seroconversion), in King County, Washington among men who have sex with men (MSM). Participants were recruited from HIV testing sites in the Seattle area. Delayed testing status was determined by the Serologic Testing Algorithm for Recent HIV Seroconversion or a self-reported previous HIV-negative test. Quantitative data on sociodemographic characteristics, health history, and drug-use and sexual behaviors were collected via computer-assisted self-interviews. Qualitative semi-structured interviews regarding testing and risk behaviors were also conducted. Multivariate analysis was used to identify factors associated with delayed diagnosis. Content analysis was used to establish themes in the qualitative data. Out of the 77 HIV-seropositive MSM in this sample, 39 (51%) had evidence of delayed diagnosis. Factors associated with delayed testing included being African-American, homeless, "out" to 50% or less people about male-male sex, and having only one sex partner in the past 6 months. Delayed testers often cited HIV-related sickness as their reason for testing and fear and wanting to be in denial of their HIV status as reasons for not testing. Delayed testers frequently did not identify as part of the MSM community, did not recognize that they were at risk for HIV acquisition, and did not feel a responsibility to themselves or others to disclose their HIV status. This study illustrates the need to further explore circumstances around delayed diagnosis in MSM and develop outreach methods and prevention messages targeted specifically to this potentially highly marginalized population in order to detect HIV infections earlier, provide HIV care, and prevent new infections.

%B J Urban Health %V 87 %P 642-55 %8 2010 Jul %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11524-010-9434-8 %0 Journal Article %J Psychol Health %D 2010 %T Young mothers' decisions to use marijuana: a test of an expanded Theory of Planned Behaviour. %A Morrison, Diane M %A Lohr, Mary Jane %A Beadnell, Blair A %A Gillmore, Mary Rogers %A Lewis, Steven %A Gilchrist, Lewayne %K Adolescent %K Decision Making %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Marijuana Smoking %K Marital Status %K Mothers %K Motivation %K Pregnancy %K Psychological Theory %K Self Efficacy %K Social Environment %X

The current study examines the Theory of Planned Behaviour's (TPB) ability to predict marijuana use among young women who experienced a premarital pregnancy before the age of 18 years, using longitudinal data. The validity of the TPB assumption that all other variables work through TPB constructs is also tested. Indicators of four constructs that have been shown in the literature to be predictive of marijuana use-persistent environmental adversity, emotional distress, adolescent marijuana use and drug use in the social network-were tested as predictors of attitudes, norms and self-efficacy, in a structural equation modelling framework. All paths from distal predictors were through the mediating TPB constructs, in accordance with the tenets of the model. Implications of these findings for the TPB model and for understanding factors that lead to marijuana use are discussed.

%B Psychol Health %V 25 %P 569-87 %8 2010 Jun %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1080/08870440902777554 %0 Journal Article %J BMC Complement Altern Med %D 2008 %T Complementary and alternative medicine use and cost in functional bowel disorders: a six month prospective study in a large HMO. %A van Tilburg, Miranda A L %A Palsson, Olafur S %A Levy, Rona L %A Feld, Andrew D %A Turner, Marsha J %A Drossman, Douglas A %A Whitehead, William E %K Abdominal Pain %K Adult %K Complementary Therapies %K Constipation %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Delivery of Health Care, Integrated %K Diarrhea %K Female %K Ginger %K Health Maintenance Organizations %K Humans %K Irritable Bowel Syndrome %K Male %K Massage %K Middle Aged %K Patient Satisfaction %K Phytotherapy %K Professional-Patient Relations %K Prospective Studies %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %K Yoga %X

BACKGROUND: Functional Bowel Disorders (FBD) are chronic disorders that are difficult to treat and manage. Many patients and doctors are dissatisfied with the level of improvement in symptoms that can be achieved with standard medical care which may lead them to seek alternatives for care. There are currently no data on the types of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) used for FBDs other than Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), or on the economic costs of CAM treatments. The aim of this study is to determine prevalence, types and costs of CAM in IBS, functional diarrhea, functional constipation, and functional abdominal pain.

METHODS: 1012 Patients with FBD were recruited through a health care maintenance organization and followed for 6 months. Questionnaires were used to ascertain: Utilization and expenditures on CAM, symptom severity (IBS-SS), quality of life (IBS-QoL), psychological distress (BSI) and perceived treatment effectiveness. Costs for conventional medical care were extracted from administrative claims.

RESULTS: CAM was used by 35% of patients, at a median yearly cost of $200. The most common CAM types were ginger, massage therapy and yoga. CAM use was associated with female gender, higher education, and anxiety. Satisfaction with physician care and perceived effectiveness of prescription medication were not associated with CAM use. Physician referral to a CAM provider was uncommon but the majority of patients receiving this recommendation followed their physician's advice.

CONCLUSION: CAM is used by one-third of FBD patients. CAM use does not seem to be driven by dissatisfaction with conventional care. Physicians should discuss CAM use and effectiveness with their patients and refer patients if appropriate.

%B BMC Complement Altern Med %V 8 %P 46 %8 2008 %G eng %R 10.1186/1472-6882-8-46 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2008 %T Heterogeneity among violence-exposed women: applying person-oriented research methods. %A Nurius, Paula S %A Macy, Rebecca J %K Battered Women %K Crime Victims %K Cultural Characteristics %K Female %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Male %K Medical History Taking %K Models, Psychological %K Qualitative Research %K Research Design %K Social Environment %K Spouse Abuse %K Women's Health %X

Variability of experience and outcomes among violence-exposed people pose considerable challenges toward developing effective prevention and treatment protocols. To address these needs, the authors present an approach to research and a class of methodologies referred to as person oriented. Person-oriented tools support assessment of meaningful patterns among people that distinguish one group from another, subgroups for whom different interventions are indicated. The authors review the conceptual base of person-oriented methods, outline their distinction from more familiar variable-oriented methods, present descriptions of selected methods as well as empirical applications of person-oriented methods germane to violence exposure, and conclude with discussion of implications for future research and translation between research and practice. The authors focus on violence against women as a population, drawing on stress and coping theory as a theoretical framework. However, person-oriented methods hold utility for investigating diversity among violence-exposed people's experiences and needs across populations and theoretical foundations.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 23 %P 389-415 %8 2008 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.1177/0886260507312297