%0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Prevention system mediation of Communities That Care effects on youth outcomes %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Shapiro, Valerie B %A Abbott, Robert D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Arthur, Michael W %A Briney, John S %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Negotiating %K Residence Characteristics %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

This study examined whether the significant intervention effects of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on youth problem behaviors observed in a panel of eighth-grade students (Hawkins et al. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 163:789-798 2009) were mediated by community-level prevention system constructs posited in the CTC theory of change. Potential prevention system constructs included the community's degree of (a) adoption of a science-based approach to prevention, (b) collaboration on prevention activities, (c) support for prevention, and (d) norms against adolescent drug use as reported by key community leaders in 24 communities. Higher levels of community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and support for prevention in 2004 predicted significantly lower levels of youth problem behaviors in 2007, and higher levels of community norms against adolescent drug use predicted lower levels of youth drug use in 2007. Effects of the CTC intervention on youth problem behaviors by the end of eighth grade were mediated fully by community adoption of a science-based approach to prevention. No other significant mediated effects were found. Results support CTC's theory of change that encourages communities to adopt a science-based approach to prevention as a primary mechanism for improving youth outcomes.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 623-32 %8 2014 Oct %G eng %N 5 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0413-7 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2014 %T Variation in the sustained effects of the Communities That Care prevention system on adolescent smoking, delinquency, and violence. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K United States %K Violence %X

Communities That Care (CTC) is a universal, science-based community prevention system designed to reduce risk, enhance protection, and prevent adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. CTC has been found to have sustained effects on cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors in grade 10 in a panel of 4,407 students followed from fifth grade in a community randomized trial. It is important to test variation in the effects of this prevention system designed to be universal to understand for whom it is most effective and whether it fails to produce change or leads to iatrogenic effects for certain categories of individuals. The present study examined variation in the sustained effects of CTC on tenth-grade cigarette use and delinquent and violent behaviors. Interaction analyses suggest that the effect of CTC did not differ between those who had high levels of community-targeted risk factors at baseline or had already engaged in substance use, delinquency, or violence at baseline versus those who had not. Although CTC reduced the prevalence of both girls' and boys' problem behaviors, the effect on delinquency was marginally (p = 0.08) larger for boys than for girls.

%B Prev Sci %V 15 %P 138-45 %8 2014 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-013-0365-y %0 Journal Article %J JAMA Pediatr %D 2014 %T Youth problem behaviors 8 years after implementing the Communities That Care prevention system: A community-randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Alcohol Drinking %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Prevalence %K Program Evaluation %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

IMPORTANCE: Community-based efforts to prevent adolescent problem behaviors are essential to promote public health and achieve collective impact community wide. OBJECTIVE To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community wide 8 years after implementation of CTC.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A community-randomized trial was performed in 24 small towns in 7 states, matched within state, assigned randomly to a control or intervention group in 2003. All fifth-grade students attending public schools in study communities in 2003-2004 who received consent from their parents to participate (76.4% of the eligible population) were included. A panel of 4407 fifth graders was surveyed through 12th grade, with 92.5% of the sample participating at the last follow-up.

INTERVENTIONS: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors for adolescent problem behaviors in the community, and implemented tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years as well as their families and schools to address their community's elevated risks. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Levels of targeted risk; sustained abstinence, and cumulative incidence by grade 12; and current prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use, delinquency, and violence in 12th grade.

RESULTS: By spring of 12th grade, students in CTC communities were more likely than students in control communities to have abstained from any drug use (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.63), drinking alcohol (ARR = 1.31; 95% CI, 1.09-1.58), smoking cigarettes (ARR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.01-1.27), and engaging in delinquency (ARR = 1.18; 95% CI, 1.03-1.36). They were also less likely to ever have committed a violent act (ARR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.76-0.98). There were no significant differences by intervention group in targeted risks, the prevalence of past-month or past-year substance use, or past-year delinquency or violence.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Using the CTC system continued to prevent the initiation of adolescent problem behaviors through 12th grade, 8 years after implementation of CTC and 3 years after study-provided resources ended, but did not produce reductions in current levels of risk or current prevalence of problem behavior in 12th grade. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B JAMA Pediatr %V 168 %P 122-9 %8 2014 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2013.4009 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2013 %T The application of meta-analysis within a matched-pair randomized control trial: An illustration testing the effects of Communities That Care on delinquent behavior. %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Hawkins, J D %A Abbott, Robert D %K Adolescent %K Age of Onset %K Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders %K Child %K Cohort Studies %K Consumer Participation %K Cross-Sectional Studies %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Matched-Pair Analysis %K Meta-Analysis as Topic %K Risk Factors %K Socioeconomic Factors %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Use of meta-analytic strategies to test intervention effects is an important complement to traditional design-based analyses of intervention effects in randomized control trials. In the present paper, we suggest that meta-analyses within the context of matched-pair designs can provide useful insight into intervention effects. We illustrate the advantages to this analytic strategy by examining the effectiveness of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system on 8th-grade delinquent behavior in a randomized matched-pair trial. We estimate the intervention effect within each of the matched-pair communities, aggregate the effect sizes across matched pairs to derive an overall intervention effect, and test for heterogeneity in the effect of CTC on delinquency across matched pairs of communities. The meta-analysis finds that CTC reduces delinquent behavior and that the effect of CTC on delinquent behavior varies significantly across communities. The use of meta-analysis in randomized matched-pair studies can provide a useful accompaniment to other analytic approaches because it opens the possibility of identifying factors associated with differential effects across units or matched pairs in the context of a randomized control trial.

%B Prev Sci %V 14 %P 1-12 %8 2013 Feb %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1007/s11121-012-0298-x %0 Journal Article %J Am J Community Psychol %D 2013 %T How has the economic downturn affected communities and implementation of science-based prevention in the randomized trial of Communities That Care? %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Hawkins, J D %A Plotnick, Robert D %A Abbott, Robert D %A Reid, Carolina K %K Community Networks %K Economic Recession %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Reproducibility of Results %K Surveys and Questionnaires %K United States %X

This study examined implications of the economic downturn that began in December 2007 for the Community Youth Development Study (CYDS), a longitudinal randomized controlled trial of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system. The downturn had the potential to affect the internal validity of the CYDS research design and implementation of science-based prevention in study communities. We used archival economic indicators and community key leader reports of economic conditions to assess the extent of the economic downturn in CYDS communities and potential internal validity threats. We also examined whether stronger economic downturn effects were associated with a decline in science-based prevention implementation. Economic indicators suggested the downturn affected CYDS communities to different degrees. We found no evidence of systematic differences in downturn effects in CTC compared to control communities that would threaten internal validity of the randomized trial. The Community Economic Problems scale was a reliable measure of community economic conditions, and it showed criterion validity in relation to several objective economic indicators. CTC coalitions continued to implement science-based prevention to a significantly greater degree than control coalitions 2 years after the downturn began. However, CTC implementation levels declined to some extent as unemployment, the percentage of students qualifying for free lunch, and community economic problems worsened. Control coalition implementation levels were not related to economic conditions before or after the downturn, but mean implementation levels of science-based prevention were also relatively low in both periods.

%B Am J Community Psychol %V 51 %P 370-84 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 3-4 %R 10.1007/s10464-012-9557-z %0 Journal Article %J Am J Public Health %D 2013 %T Sustained effects of the Communities That Care system on prevention service system transformation. %A Rhew, Isaac C %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Briney, John S %K Adolescent %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Residence Characteristics %K Social Welfare %K Social Work %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %X

OBJECTIVES: We examined whether the Communities That Care (CTC) system sustained effects 1.5 years after study funding ended on prevention system constructs expected to be important for community-level reductions in drug use and antisocial behaviors among youths.

METHODS: Data were from a community trial of 24 towns in the United States randomized to either the CTC intervention or control conditions. Participants were 928 community key leaders interviewed at 1 to 4 waves from 2001 to 2009. Intervention activities, including training and technical assistance, were conducted between 2003 and 2008 in the CTC communities.

RESULTS: Leaders from CTC communities reported higher levels of adoption of a science-based approach to prevention and a higher percentage of funding desired for prevention activities in 2009 than did leaders in control communities. CTC communities showed a higher increase over time in community norms against adolescent drug use as well as adoption of a science-based approach compared with control communities.

CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicated that CTC implementation produced enduring transformation of important prevention system constructs in intervention communities, which might, in turn, produce long-term reductions in youth problem behaviors.

%B Am J Public Health %V 103 %P 529-35 %8 2013 Mar %G eng %N 3 %R 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300567 %0 Journal Article %J J Adolesc Health %D 2013 %T Who dies? Disparities in mortality risk among juvenile offenders. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Cause of Death %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Mortality, Premature %B J Adolesc Health %V 52 %P 668-9 %8 2013 Jun %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.018 %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2012 %T Cost-benefit analysis of Communities That Care outcomes at eighth grade. %A Kuklinski, Margaret R %A Briney, John S %A Hawkins, J D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Cost-Benefit Analysis %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %X

This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis of the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system, a public health approach to reducing risk, enhancing protection, and reducing the prevalence of adolescent health and behavior problems community wide. The analysis is based on outcomes from a panel of students followed from Grade 5 through Grade 8 in a randomized controlled trial involving 24 communities in 7 states. Previous analyses have shown that CTC prevented the initiation of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and delinquency by the end of 8th grade in CTC communities compared to controls. This paper estimates long-term monetary benefits associated with significant intervention effects on cigarette smoking and delinquency as compared to the cost of conducting the intervention. Under conservative cost assumptions, the net present benefit is $5,250 per youth, including $812 from the prevention of cigarette smoking and $4,438 from the prevention of delinquency. The benefit-cost ratio indicates a return of $5.30 per $1.00 invested. Under less conservative but still viable cost assumptions, the benefit-cost ratio due to prevention of cigarette smoking and delinquency increases to $10.23 per $1.00 invested. Benefits from CTC's reduction in alcohol initiation as well as broader inclusion of quality-of-life gains would further increase CTC's benefit-cost ratio. Results provide evidence that CTC is a cost-beneficial preventive intervention and a good investment of public dollars, even under very conservative cost and benefit assumptions.

%B Prev Sci %V 13 %P 150-61 %8 2012 Apr %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1007/s11121-011-0259-9 %0 Journal Article %J J Prim Prev %D 2012 %T Predictive validity of established cut points for risk and protective factor scales from the Communities That Care youth survey %A Briney, John S %A Brown, Eric C %A Hawkins, J D %A Arthur, Michael W %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Child %K Factor Analysis, Statistical %K Forecasting %K Health Care Coalitions %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Risk Assessment %K Risk Factors %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Substance-Related Disorders %K Surveys and Questionnaires %X

Community coalitions are a popular strategy to coordinate activities and resources to prevent adolescent substance use and delinquent behavior. Despite early evidence of their lack of effectiveness, a new generation of community coalitions has shown positive results in preventing youth substance use and delinquency. This success can be attributed to coalition decision making focused on reducing local risk factors and increasing local protective factors through the use of evidence-based prevention programs. A previous study using cross-sectional data established cut point values for scales measuring risk and protective factors on the Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) to identify high levels of risk and low levels of protection in communities on each scale. The current study extended this previous research by using longitudinal data to assess the validity of risk and protective factor cut point values in predicting substance use and delinquent behavior 1 year after risk and protection were measured. The findings demonstrate the predictive validity of cut points for risk and protective factor scales measured by the CTCYS and suggest their utility in guiding prevention efforts.

%B J Prim Prev %V 33 %P 249-58 %8 2012 Dec %G eng %N 5-6 %R 10.1007/s10935-012-0280-1 %0 Journal Article %J Am J Prev Med %D 2012 %T Risk versus direct protective factors and youth violence: Seattle Social Development Project. %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Lee, Jungeun %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Family Relations %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Multivariate Analysis %K Peer Group %K Regression Analysis %K Residence Characteristics %K Risk Factors %K Violence %K Washington %X

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have examined predictors of youth violence associated with the individual child, the family, school, and the surrounding neighborhood or community. However, few studies have examined predictors using a systematic approach to differentiate and compare risk and direct protective factors.

PURPOSE: This study examines risk and protective factors associated with youth violence in an ongoing longitudinal panel study of 808 students from 18 Seattle public elementary schools followed since 1985 when they were in 5th grade. Predictors span the individual, family, school, peer, and neighborhood domains.

METHODS: Data were collected annually, beginning in 1985, to age 16 years, and then again at age 18 years. This paper provides findings of analyses in which continuous predictor variables, measured at ages 10-12 years, were trichotomized to reflect a risk end of the variable, a direct protective end, and a middle category of scores. Youth violence was measured at ages 13-14 years and 15-18 years.

RESULTS: Bivariate analyses of risk and direct protective factors identified the following predictors of violence at ages 13-14 years and 15-18 years. Risk for violence was increased by earlier antisocial behavior (e.g., prior violence, truancy, nonviolent delinquency), attention problems, family conflict, low school commitment, and living in a neighborhood where young people were in trouble. Direct protective factors at ages 10-12 years include a low level of attention problems, low risk-taking, refusal skills, school attachment, and low access and exposure to marijuana at ages 10-12 years. Multivariate regressions showed neighborhood risk factors to be among the most salient and consistent predictors of violence after accounting for all other variables in the tested models.

CONCLUSIONS: Relatively few direct protective factors were identified in these statistical tests, suggesting the need for further review and possible refinement of the measures and methods that were applied. Implications provide important information for programs and policy.

%B Am J Prev Med %V 43 %P S41-56 %8 2012 Aug %G eng %N 2 Suppl 1 %R 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.030 %0 Journal Article %J Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %D 2012 %T Sustained decreases in risk exposure and youth problem behaviors after installation of the Communities That Care prevention system in a randomized trial. %A Hawkins, J D %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Brown, Eric C %A Monahan, Kathryn C %A Abbott, Robert D %A Arthur, Michael W %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Adolescent Health Services %K Child %K Community Health Services %K Humans %K Incidence %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Multivariate Analysis %K Outcome Assessment (Health Care) %K Prevalence %K Risk Reduction Behavior %K Smoking %K Substance-Related Disorders %K United States %K Violence %X

OBJECTIVE: To test whether the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system reduced levels of risk and adolescent problem behaviors community-wide 6 years after installation of CTC and 1 year after study-provided resources ended.

DESIGN: A community randomized trial.

SETTING: Twenty-four small towns in 7 states, matched within state, randomly assigned to control or intervention condition in 2003.

PARTICIPANTS: A panel of 4407 fifth-grade students was surveyed annually through 10th grade from 2004 to 2009.

INTERVENTION: A coalition of community stakeholders received training and technical assistance to install CTC, used epidemiologic data to identify elevated risk factors and depressed protective factors in the community, and implemented programs to address their community's elevated risks from a menu of tested and effective programs for youths aged 10 to 14 years, their families, and schools.

OUTCOME MEASURES: Levels of risk and incidence and prevalence of tobacco, alcohol, and other drug use; delinquency; and violent behavior by grade 10.

RESULTS: Mean levels of targeted risks increased less rapidly between grades 5 and 10 in CTC than in control communities and were significantly lower in CTC than control communities in grade 10. The incidence of delinquent behavior, alcohol use, and cigarette use and the prevalence of current cigarette use and past-year delinquent and violent behavior were significantly lower in CTC than in control communities in grade 10.

CONCLUSIONS: Using the CTC system can produce enduring reductions in community-wide levels of risk factors and problem behaviors among adolescents beyond the years of supported implementation, potentially contributing to long-term public health benefits.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01088542.

%B Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med %V 166 %P 141-8 %8 2012 Feb %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1001/archpediatrics.2011.183 %0 Journal Article %J J Interpers Violence %D 2011 %T Longitudinal study on the effects of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence, parent-child attachments, and antisocial behavior in adolescence. %A Sousa, Cindy %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Moylan, Carrie A %A Tajima, Emiko A %A Klika, J B %A Herrenkohl, Roy C %A Russo, M J %K Adaptation, Psychological %K Adolescent %K Adolescent Behavior %K Aggression %K Antisocial Personality Disorder %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Domestic Violence %K Humans %K Interpersonal Relations %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Object Attachment %K Parent-Child Relations %K Social Conformity %X

This study examined the unique and combined effects of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence on later attachment to parents and antisocial behavior during adolescence. Analyses also investigated whether the interaction of exposure and low attachment predicted youth outcomes. Findings suggest that, although youth dually exposed to abuse and domestic violence were less attached to parents in adolescence than those who were not exposed, for those who were abused only and those who were exposed only to domestic violence, the relationship between exposure types and youth outcomes did not differ by level of attachment to parents. However, stronger bonds of attachment to parents in adolescence did appear to predict a lower risk of antisocial behavior independent of exposure status. Preventing child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence could lessen the risk of antisocial behavior during adolescence, as could strengthening parent-child attachments in adolescence. However, strengthening attachments between parents and children after exposure may not be sufficient to counter the negative impact of earlier violence trauma in children.

%B J Interpers Violence %V 26 %P 111-36 %8 2011 Jan %G eng %N 1 %R 10.1177/0886260510362883 %0 Journal Article %J J Genet Psychol %D 2010 %T Gender differences in risk and promotive classifications associated with adolescent delinquency. %A Whitney, Stephen D %A Renner, Lynette M %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %K Adolescent %K Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity %K Child %K Child Abuse %K Child Behavior Disorders %K Domestic Violence %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Longitudinal Studies %K Male %K Models, Psychological %K Parenting %K Poverty %K Risk Factors %K Sex Characteristics %K Social Facilitation %K Socialization %X

How likely are children exposed to multiple risk factors to engage in delinquent behavior, to what extent do promotive factors mitigate exposure to these risk factors, and do the predictors of delinquent behavior differ by gender? To address these questions, the authors analyzed data from youths (229 boys, 187 girls) who completed the third wave of the Lehigh Longitudinal Study using Latent Profile Analysis. A unique risk and promotive class with slightly elevated rates of exposure to parental violence, mean levels of other risk factors and low levels of promotive factors was present for girls but not for boys. Additionally, for boys and girls, high-risk, low-promotive individuals were significantly more likely to engage in delinquent behavior than low-risk, high-promotive cases. Findings suggest the need to examine risk and promotive factors in combination to account for their shared influences on developmental outcomes for youth.

%B J Genet Psychol %V 171 %P 116-38 %8 2010 Apr-Jun %G eng %N 2 %R 10.1080/00221320903548092 %0 Journal Article %J J Child Psychol Psychiatry %D 2010 %T Growth in adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders, and risky sex: A comparison of youth from low- versus middle-income backgrounds. %A Mason, W A %A Hitch, Julia E %A Kosterman, Rick %A McCarty, Carolyn A %A Herrenkohl, Todd I %A Hawkins, J D %K Adolescent %K Age Factors %K Alcohol Drinking %K Alcohol-Related Disorders %K Child %K Female %K Follow-Up Studies %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Risk Factors %K Risk-Taking %K Sampling Studies %K Social Class %K United States %K Unsafe Sex %K Violence %K Young Adult %X

BACKGROUND: This study examined adolescent delinquency and alcohol use in relation to young adult crime, alcohol use disorders (AUDs), and risky sex. Analyses further examined the influences of late childhood involvement in these problem behavior outcomes, with mediation through teen delinquency and alcohol use, and examined differences in the pathways for youth from low- compared to middle-income backgrounds.

METHOD: Multiple-group latent growth curve modeling was conducted using data collected from a sample of 808 youth followed from age 10 to age 24. Self-report assessments included delinquent involvement, alcohol use, and sexual activity in late childhood; delinquency and alcohol use in adolescence; and crime, AUDs, and risky sex in early adulthood.

RESULTS: Late childhood delinquent involvement was associated with young adult crime, AUDs, and risky sex indirectly through adolescent delinquency, and had a persistent direct effect on crime. Adolescent delinquency also mediated the relation between early sex onset and crime. Early alcohol use predicted a higher level of, and a faster rate of increase in, adolescent drinking, which predicted, in turn, young adult AUDs and risky sex. Significant group differences indicated stronger associations between adolescent delinquency and each young adult outcome for youth from low- compared to those from middle-income backgrounds.

CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention may help prevent the development of crime, AUDs, and risky sex behaviors, especially among disadvantaged youth.

%B J Child Psychol Psychiatry %V 51 %P 1377-85 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 12 %R 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02292.x %0 Journal Article %J Prev Sci %D 2010 %T Testing the universality of the effects of the communities that care prevention system for preventing adolescent drug use and delinquency. %A Oesterle, Sabrina %A Hawkins, J D %A Fagan, Abigail A %A Abbott, Robert D %A Catalano, Richard F %K Adolescent %K Female %K Humans %K Juvenile Delinquency %K Male %K Preventive Health Services %K Substance-Related Disorders %X

Universal community-oriented interventions are an important component in the prevention of youth health and behavior problems. Testing the universality of the effects of an intervention that was designed to be universal is important because it provides information about how the program operates and for whom and under what conditions it is most effective. The present study examined whether the previously established significant effects of the universal, community-based Communities That Care (CTC) prevention program on the prevalence of substance use and the variety of delinquent behaviors held equally for boys and girls and in risk-related subgroups defined by early substance use, early delinquency, and high levels of community-targeted risk at baseline. Interaction analyses of data from a panel of 4,407 students followed from Grade 5 to Grade 8 in the first randomized trial of CTC in 12 matched community pairs suggests that CTC reduced students' substance use and delinquency equally across risk-related subgroups and gender, with two exceptions: The effect of CTC on reducing substance use in 8th grade was stronger for boys than girls and the impact of CTC on reducing 8th-grade delinquency was stronger for students who were nondelinquent at baseline.

%B Prev Sci %V 11 %P 411-23 %8 2010 Dec %G eng %N 4 %R 10.1007/s11121-010-0178-1 %0 Journal Article %J J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %D 2010 %T Use of spoken and written Japanese did not protect Japanese-American men from cognitive decline in late life. %A Crane, Paul K %A Gruhl, Jonathan C %A Erosheva, Elena A %A Gibbons, Laura E %A McCurry, Susan M %A Rhoads, Kristoffer %A Nguyen, Viet %A Arani, Keerthi %A Masaki, Kamal %A White, Lon %K Age Factors %K Aged %K Aged, 80 and over %K Asian Americans %K Cognition Disorders %K Emigrants and Immigrants %K Hawaii %K Humans %K Japan %K Language %K Language Tests %K Male %K Multilingualism %K Multivariate Analysis %K Neuropsychological Tests %K Regression Analysis %K Speech %X

OBJECTIVES: Spoken bilingualism may be associated with cognitive reserve. Mastering a complicated written language may be associated with additional reserve. We sought to determine if midlife use of spoken and written Japanese was associated with lower rates of late life cognitive decline.

METHODS: Participants were second-generation Japanese-American men from the Hawaiian island of Oahu, born 1900-1919, free of dementia in 1991, and categorized based on midlife self-reported use of spoken and written Japanese (total n included in primary analysis = 2,520). Cognitive functioning was measured with the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument scored using item response theory. We used mixed effects models, controlling for age, income, education, smoking status, apolipoprotein E e4 alleles, and number of study visits.

RESULTS: Rates of cognitive decline were not related to use of spoken or written Japanese. This finding was consistent across numerous sensitivity analyses.

DISCUSSION: We did not find evidence to support the hypothesis that multilingualism is associated with cognitive reserve.

%B J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci %V 65 %P 654-66 %8 2010 Nov %G eng %N 6 %R 10.1093/geronb/gbq046